Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Id, Ego and Super-Ego As it relates to “The Lord of the Flies” Essay

Many people have different types of personalities. The characters from the story The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, have 3 different parts of personality of the brain. According to Freud these are the three parts Id, Ego and the Super-Ego. Freud’s personality theory really shows in The Lord of the Flies. In the story Jack would be described as the Id. According to Sigmund Freud, Id is the part of your personality you are born with that you have to control. These aspects of personality are entirely unconscious and make you have a bad behavior if you don’t get what you desire, want or need. Jack had a problem following the rules and controlling his behavior about working together to get rescued with the other kids. He killed people, not caring about the consequences. He felt like he could do anything he wanted, Id people don’t care about following rules; that’s the last thing they care about. On the other hand, Super-ego is very different from Id. People who are ruled by Super-Ego follow the rules and even make them. They sense what’s right and wrong. In The Lord of the Flies the Super-Ego was Piggy. He would take everything very seriously when it would come time to make plans. For example he said, â€Å"How can you expect to be rescued if you don’t put first things first and act proper?† (p 45). It shows us how much he wants order in the group and for everybody to act maturely. Super-Ego also operates in accordance with social conformity and appropriateness. The super-ego, its role of moral authoritarian, is the opposite of the Id. The other main character from the Lord of the Flies was Ralph. He’s the one known as the leader. He cared, showed kindness and also was very  intelligent. The personality represented by Ralph is the Ego. The role of the Ego is to sift through what is real and what isn’t. They make decisions by their thoughts, theyfollow what makes sense to them and how they relate it to the world we live in. Ralph demonstrates common sense and reality, which is one of the things Ego has. Ralph was very realistic about being rescued when everybody was saying that nobody would find them. He also wanted to have fun; an example of how the Ego balances the Id and Super-Ego is showed Ralph is figuring out what to do, â€Å"†¦This is what I thought. We want to have fun. And we want to be rescued.† (p 37). William Golding really shows us how human nature could be. He illustrates how truly destructive humans can be. Golding makes very good use of characters in The Lord of the Flies, he shows both good and evil through each of the characters. He saw how destructive humans can be, and how normal people transform from a civilized human being into a savage in a quick second. The ending tells us that people don’t really imagine what other people can do. The military officer made a joke that it was ironic of what’s happening on the island, â€Å"We saw your smoke. What you been doing? Having a war or something?† (p 201). It’s ironic how the military officer said something that was exactly what was happening†¦he would have never thought some little kids would do something like that. The Lord of the Flies is a picture of the society in which we live today. It is a novel, which explains some of the issues like violence and many other things that are happening in the world. It is much easier to side with evil but very challenging to support humans and what we know is right. Society keeps everybody civilized and we need rules and principles to live by.The Id, Ego and Super-Ego are why we are different from each other, it explains why we think and behave differently. Freud knew all parts of personality must exist together in balance for a person or a society to stay healthy, live happily and safely.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

The Downfall of Victor Frankenstein

He was cared for and loved by his parents, as Is shown when he says â€Å"They seemed to draw Inexhaustible stores of affection from a very mine of love to bestow upon me† (Shelley 22). Victor also lived comfortably and without poverty, his parents even so much as taking In another child. With Elizabeth now In the family, he also learned about morals and responsibility, as shown when he states, â€Å"l, with childish seriousness. Interpreted her words literally and looked upon Elizabeth as mine – mine to protect, eve, and cherish† (Shelley 23) Victor was adequately raised with the right morals and an understanding of responsibility.Victor Frankincense's sudden deterioration of character begins as his mother's health fades away and when he begins attending the university of Magnolias. It is proved that his mental state is unbalanced when he states, â€Å"My internal being was in a state of insurrection and turmoil† (Shelley 36). As his mental health becomes unstable, he then becomes obsessed with science, making it his highest priority, even above his own health and family. Victor then suddenly became consumed with the concept of creating life artificially, and of the elixir of life.Although Victor does succeed in his dream of creating life, he is soon horrified at the sight of what he has created. He is not proud of the Creature, but disgusted at the sight of it, stating, â€Å"the beauty of the dream had vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart† (Shelley 57) Victor abandons his creation and leaving it to fend for itself, indirectly causing the murders of loved ones n account of his own shallowness, selfishness, vanity, and disregard of moral responsibility.As the novel progresses, Victor becomes concerned only for his well- being, and does not hide his contempt for the Creature. Both Victor's self-serving attitude and ego shines through when he Is more concerned for his own life, than the life of Justice's, when he condescendingly states, â€Å"†¦ I have confessed myself guilty of the crimes ascribed to Justine, but such a declaration would have been considered he ravings of a madman† (Shelley 66) Victor also shows no consideration In holding his contempt for the Creature, and the Creature becomes painfully aware of his creator's feelings towards him.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Adinkra

The very essence of the word ‘Adinkra’ is ‘farewell’; as such, every symbol that is encapsulated in the whole body of Adinkra communicates or corresponds to a unique message or idea. Documented history has it that, as far back as the nineteenth century, unique Adinkra symbols were used in customary and traditional rites of society to depict the ideological stance of that society as regards to the ceremony or event in question. The art was showcased in various forms during festivals, funerals, marriages among others. Today, the use of Adinkra has been widely extended to cover almost every facet of life. In recent times, Adinkra symbols have become a suitable choice of branding the modern, competitive, and trendy Ghanaian clothing lifestyle. Over the years, Adinkra has gone beyond traditional cloth-making designs and has been fashionably incorporated into the designing of t-shirts, buttons, linen fabric clothes. Today, young people would prefer t-shirts with screen-printing inscriptions like ‘Me firi Ghana’, with an Adinkra like ‘Gye Nyame’ boldly designed beneath. Indeed, some acclaimed Ghanaian fashion designers like Mawuli Okudzeto, Kofi Ansah among others, have received international recognition by carving such niches for themselves, with popular brand names like MKOGH and PKOG, just to mention a few. Beyond that, apparels like footwear have also had a taste of Adinkra art. Artisans who make local footwear like sandals, slippers and ‘ahenema’ have also included these symbols in their designs. For instance, a locally made ‘ahenema’ has a carefully designed Adinkra symbol of three concentric rings encircling each other, known as ‘adinkrahene’ at the nose of each slipper. One other art is the design of bags with Adinkra symbols woven or sewn on the surface with fabric, (often kente pieces). The most popular addition to this art collection is the use of these designs in making jewellery and other fashion accessories. It is popular to see rings, pendants, earrings, necklaces, anklets, beads and many others designed with symbols like ‘ohene aniwa’, ‘epa’, ‘nkonsonkonson’, etc. In Ghana, the Precious Mineral Marketing Company (PMMC) is a typical example of an enterprise in this regard. Thus, on the international stage, Adinkra symbols have been employed as one of, if not the best indigenous symbols that give all manner of clothing, a unique fashion identity easily recognisable as truly Ghanaian. Quite apart from clothing, these symbols have formed part of locally designed fine and visual art. This has been such that, in creation of several Ghanaian sculptures, Adinkra has been one of the most recognisable themes. There many instances of metal and wooden sculpture designed into Adinkra. More often than not, these visual and fine arts have been used by individuals for decorative purposes. It is now commonplace to see a wall hanging in someone’s home, at the lobby of a corporate institution or in the sitting area of an afro-centric restaurant with the caption ‘welcome’ and a popular symbol like ‘Gye Nyame’ underneath it. Without a shred of doubt any Ghanaian who sees this in any institution in any distant part of the world, feels quite homey and comfortable, to some extent, immediately. Moreover, the designs of wooden plaques lately have also adopted Adinkra symbols. For instance, African institutions of late present Adinkra-designed plaques to individuals and entities, as gifts and awards for splendid performances. Woodcarvers as at today, still design stools for domestic as well as traditional purposes with these popular symbols. In Akan traditional homes, stools often known as ‘asesedwa’ are carved out of wood with these designs. Today as a unique of catching up with the west, local artisans have modernized their design of home furniture placed in areas like the living room, dining room and the study. Beautiful and attractive-looking sets are being carved daily. A common example is wooden coffee-table, which has an Adinkra symbol like ‘sankofa’ at the base with a glass plane on the surface. Hence it is ordinary to see the prolific use of Adinkra in fine and visual art because of the inherent artistic merits they possess. In present day, the use of symbols for trademarks and emblems cannot be over-emphasized. In corporate branding and marketing, many institutions have resorted to the use of symbols, both tactile and visual, as a mark of exclusivity and Adinkra are symbols of no exception. There are countless examples of institutions of all sorts who have adopted these symbols as logos, emblem, etc. In Ghana, for instance, a corporate institution like HFC Bank uses the symbol ‘ebankese’ as its corporate logo. Interestingly, Vodafone Ghana has designed their recharge cards such that whichever denomination has a long strip Adinkra symbols in front of the card. A popular plastics company by name ‘Strong Plast Ltd’ also uses the popular symbol, ‘Gye Nyame’ as a brand name for its plastic chairs. A very popular flour mill also uses ‘sankofa’ as the brand name of it flour. On a lighter side, along the coastal area it is fun to see fishermen decorate their canoes with these symbols as an interesting way of ownership.

Dreams from my father By Barack Obama Term Paper

Dreams from my father By Barack Obama - Term Paper Example Actually, mixed heritage presents many challenges and unanswered complexities to the people and President Obama shrewdly explored many of those complexities, while taking care to present the facts to the common public after interpreting them in his own unique way. President Obama’s mother was a white American and his father was a black man who had come to America all the way from Kenya. That is why, mixed heritage raised interesting questions for him related to race, and as he grew up, his curiosity for finding an answer also strengthened. President Obama naturally gravitated towards the African half of his identity as he grew up, despite having the privilege of living with his white American mother and maternal grandparents. This shows that race impacts an individual in a phenomenal way and no person can remain uninfluenced from his/her racial background, because racial background is a stark reality which plays a major role in making the identity of a person. President Obama has offered the readers a broad range of thoughtful meditations on race and inheritance with special regards to his own racial background and racial experience while growing up in America. President Obama has also presented his views regarding whether a person who is half-black, like himself, should accept America’s designation of black people or not. ... The significance of father in the building up of that foundation can not be underestimated. Fathers serve as tutors and counselors. They are to be idealized. They are both successful themselves and also serve as a constant source of motivation for us to be successful. Obama says that if we conduct our self analysis as men, we shall come to realize why our society lacks too many fathers. In fact, the fathers are there, but they are behaving like boys rather than responsible men. The weakness of the foundations of family in the contemporary society can fundamentally be attributed to this fact. This, according to Obama, is specifically true for the African American community. It is a fact that a vast majority of the African American children are brought up by a single parent. Obama compares his own case to the people without fathers in the society in general in these words: I know what it means to have an absent father, although my circumstances weren't as tough as they are for many you ng people today. Even though my father left us when I was two years old †¦ I was luckier than most. †¦ I screwed up more often than I should've, but I got plenty of second chances. And even though we didn't have a lot of money, scholarships gave me the opportunity to go to some of the best schools in the country. A lot of kids don't get these chances today. There is no margin for error in their lives. So my own story is different in that way. (Obama cited in Shepherd). 3. What is the key role that mistakes play in his decision making? Obama has been committing a lot of mistakes in the childhood. He says that he used to be very mischievous and would be mostly found in the principal’s office. Teachers used to teach him to

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Power of Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Power of Communication - Assignment Example Both theories help in arriving at the true meaning and essence of a play. This is the only way in which the audience of a play gets in touch with the writer, and clearly gets the message that the writer of the play intended to pass across. This paper, therefore, goes a long way to critically analyze â€Å"the importance of being Earnest† in light of Aristotle’s six elements of a play. First and foremost is the plot of the play. According to Aristotle, plot simply refers to the flow of incidents through which a protagonist progresses (Aristotle paragraph one). It talks more of the arrangement of events, and how they follow each other from the beginning to the end of the play. When analyzing plot as an integral element of a play, it is very critical to establish the relationship between and among different scenes or acts. The events in the play at hand truly agree with Aristotle’s theory. In Act one, we are introduced to both Jack and his fictional brother (Wilde act 1). Jack lives a double life and this is known to no one else but himself. The second Act brings us to the real reasons why jack lives a double life, while the third Act leads us in discovering the whole truth suggested in the second Ac t. The second element is Character. This is how the actors or figures in a play relate to each other, in a bid to achieve their different goals and motives (Aristotle paragraph two). Understanding the character helps in the identification of the conflict, since conflict is created by the goals, motives and desired pursued by each of the characters throughout the play. In the case at hand, the desire of Cecily is to get married to Ernest, which is also the desire of Gwendoline (Wilde act 3). This creates a conflict between them, a conflict that leads to the discovery of the truth. Gwendoline, in her desire to strengthen her relationship with Jack, decides to pay him a surprise visit. Gwendoline’s mother, Lady Bracknell, is not pleased by this and follows

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Operations Managment.Intangible specialisation and product-mix Essay

Operations Managment.Intangible specialisation and product-mix optimisation - Essay Example Based on the specific perspective oriented approach that the operations management makes regarding productivity agenda of an organization, strategic management can be used to formulate policies to enable balancing of availed options in operations (Schiavone, 2004, p7). In this study, Fiat’s case study has been used to demonstrate the importance of understanding operations management from a systems approach in withstanding market conditions. Perhaps defining the term intangible within the context of organization operations will assist in making a conclusive perspective eon the topic. The term intangible denotes assets, capital or factors that an organization works with but they are not immediately visible. On the other hand, tangible assets are the physically visible factors which the company uses in production. Both tangible and intangible factors contribute to the overall operation of the company. Economic evolution of organizations and other production entities is characterized by the accumulation of assets both. Intangible assets also represent relevant knowledge and technologies that the organization needs to remain in a specified production line. Intangible specialization is the concentration of accumulation of assets that are intangible in nature such as technology, with little emphasis being made to accumulation of tangible assets. Since there is some need to balance the control of accumulation of these two sets of assets, it becomes detrimental in the long run when the organization is unable to achieve the balance. Intangible specialization entails the concept of management decision making that tends to lean to and favor the dominance of a service intensive approach in production operations. The most dominant characteristic of intangible specialization is heavy reliance on routines as well as dependence in rigid production paths. Inappropriate

Friday, July 26, 2019

Technology of Information Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology of Information Security - Essay Example As technological advancement keeps coming, several reliable cryptography methods are continuing to emerge. Data encryption has a number of advantages and disadvantages. Its disadvantages come mainly because the technology is sometimes not used as required. Cryptography is a very powerful and important technology that can be used to protect information sent to emails and all financial based transactions. Information needs to be shared in order to make various decisions that govern various activities. For this reason, information should be as confidential as possible for sustainability and accuracy of its use. Data encryption techniques offer a solution for the protection of information against all third parties. The techniques are basically needed for information to be encrypted whereby one party shares its information with a recipient. On the other hand, enemies can hack into people’s accounts and plot violence against a country with knowledge of cryptography. Some governments want to restrict its use for fear of criminals and spies using the technology for their good and to the disadvantage of the nation. How Encryption Technique works Encryption is a process whereby messages are converted into a form that has been created that without decrypting or deciphering, they cannot be read. Encryption uses a systematic procedure or algorithm which converts messages or data to their original form. The cryptologists are engaged in competition that will never end in a bid to create better and stronger techniques that will be used by parties to protect their data. Although other methods of deciphering exist, the recent systems are more powerful to an extent that they are almost unbreakable even with the use of powerful computers. The new cryptosystems use mathematical formulae that are very complex and which effectively resist breakthroughs. The Use of PGB There are several popular encryption systems used in the world today. They include the data encryption standar d (DES), pretty good privacy (PGB), and the Rivest Shamir, Adleman (ARS) system. The DES system uses a single key and it has been developed in the USA. The RSA on the other hand uses two keys and was generally made just for the public use and named after the people who developed it (Frazier2004). Pretty Good Privacy (PGB) helps internet users to keep all their communications private. It is a two key system which enables a computer to send encrypted messages using a chosen private key that only the sender knows. All the computers that will receive the email message are given a copy of the private key which later establishes the message sender. When using the public key method, the one who sends the message and the receiver are both able to authenticate each other and also protect the message which is usually secret. Advantages of Encryption Techniques Encryption techniques make information unreadable to people who are not supposed to access the information. This is very important to many organizations because no third party can access information without being allowed to do so by the sender. The information cannot be accessed even through the administrator’s server leave alone other computers. This improves loyalty and secrecy in the organization or any governments in the world today. Data encryption is regarded as a national issue by governments because it majorly

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Classic airline and marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Classic airline and marketing - Essay Example After insignificant loss in this sector, many of the airline companies utilized this chance and have emerged as the top players in the airline business. The financial crisis also contributed to aggravate the situation and paved the way for the decline of this airline company. However, they have recorded earnings of over eight billion dollars and this has given scope for revival. These profits are not insignificant if one considers the crunch in travel sector due to global financial crisis. But, problems including the failure in the marketing have again caused this airline to show poor performance. They found a decrease of 10% relating to the shareholders. Again, due to the global economic crisis, the board of directors of Classic Airlines has been forced to decrease the rates by 15%. They has also been a little hesitant to improve their marketing technologies. These made them to pay badly and struggled to withstand in the current competition. The company has also failed to provide su itable offers to attract customers to their services. Most of the other companies came up with numerous offers on hands to attract new customers and retain the old ones. Thus, the previous loyal customers and some of the frequent flyers started to migrate to other airlines that offered them higher value in their services and are also ready to travel for low prices. When Classic Airlines has sensed this idea, they were not able to implement a marketing plan to retain their loyal customers because of the rate problems. They were not able to run their operation on a cost that the other companies offer. Thus, the marketing tactics to retain the reputation of the company among the passengers did not bear any fruits. Currently, Classic Airlines are not able to find an alternative to escape from their dilemma. They are not ready to reduce the cost from what they have decided in their budget. They are now trying to

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Media comparative analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media comparative analysis - Essay Example A media comparative analysis has a vital role in comprehending the various essential elements of the changing nature of the media. Such a media comparative analysis deals with the social aspects, the assumptions and logics, the industrial, the commercial contexts, the primary functions, etc of a particular media form, technology, process, or event in relation to the explicit or implied research methods, the critical framework and assumptions, the theories and logics, the methods and worldviews etc of a specific reading on media and media function. This media comparative analysis paper focuses on a comparative discussion of Megan Boler's "Introduction" to Digital Media and Democracy: Tactic in Hard Times in connection to a particular media form, i.e. an internet radio station. This paper deals with a comparative study of the explicit or implied assumptions about the nature, scope and role of media forms in each of the media discussions, and attempts to bring together the assumptions o f both the media reading and the media form. Megan Boler's main concern in the article is to bring about the connection between media and power and to contribute to the debates about media and democracy within the digital media landscape and the discussions about the internet radio station can help one realize the underlying elements of the media form. As an introduction to the vital assumptions of the discussion, Megan Boler presents his exchange with Tim Russert as illustrative of how the media in the contemporary world functions in terms of truth and power. From the platform of this account, the author goes on to make his significant assumptions about media and power as well as the debates about media and democracy within the digital media landscape. "The story of my exchange with Tim Russert highlights two key challenges about media and power: (1) how to alter the axes of domination so that those with little or no power have a seat at the table, and (2) how to conceive of media (whether dominant, grassroots, or tactical) with the capacity to intervene at the level of public perception, and that can challenge the perverse manipulation of 'facts' about something like global warming." (Boler 2008, 171). According to the author, there is an essential connection between media and power and there is a very scarce chance to gain reali ty through the power of media. Power in media tries to overtake realities about facts and there is fierce competition to accumulate power in media. The author is essentially forceful about the influence of power in media in the contemporary digital era of media where there is fierce competition and the raw material is no longer in short supply. In this background, realizing reality through digital media is much more complex. There have been significant opinions by experts in the field that media is more powerful than any bomb in the contemporary background and this can be realized on the basis of the famous maxim the 'pen is mightier than the sword'. The powerful influence of media over the lives of several modern human beings can be understood in this background. The major focus of the work by Boler is to

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

The Legal and Ethical Considerations of Marketing in America Essay

The Legal and Ethical Considerations of Marketing in America - Essay Example The American Marketing Association (AMA) is committed to promoting the highest ethical standards among its members. They are guided by the ethical norms that state that they should not harm; they should foster trust in the marketing system; and they should embrace ethical values (American Marketing Association, 2011). These ethical values include honesty, responsibility, fairness, respect, transparency and citizenship. It is unfortunate though that not all companies honor these guidelines set by AMA; thus, the existence of numerous marketing strategies which are illegal and unethical. Unfair and illegal marketing practices of corporations are those where it withholds pertinent information or misrepresents information. Example, a bank marketing officer was able to convince a client to apply for a loan because of the low interest rates but later on the client realizes that if he prepays the loan, he will have to pay a prepayment penalty. The information on prepayment penalty was deliberately withheld just to close the transaction. This could be considered an unfair marketing practice by the bank. One popular legal issue that most manufacturing companies are faced today comes in the light of America’s concern for the environment. The words â€Å"biodegradable† or â€Å"environmentally friendly† are often seen in the packaging of products nowadays. The Federal Trade Commission and the National Advertising Division (NAD), and the Council of Better Business Bureaus have come up with guidelines regarding the use of the word â€Å"biodegradable† as many companies are loosely using the term to promote a better image for their products and to convince the consumers to buy them because they are â€Å"environmentally-friendly† (Gekas, Harrold, & Dixon, 2010). The legal issues in the packaging, specifically the labeling of products is one aspect in the marketing strategy which must be considered by organizations.

Landscape Architecture in Palo Alto City Essay Example for Free

Landscape Architecture in Palo Alto City Essay Palo Alto City, a city known because of many famous landmarks and buildings, is located in Santa Clara County, in California of United States. The named of the city was derived from a name of a tall oak tree at the banks of the San Franciscquito Creek bordering Menlo Park called El Palo Alto. The geographic characteristic of the city is at the northern end of the Silicon Valley. The city is also situated near the Stanford University and is known as home of many huge companies in the high-technology industry like Hewlett-Packard. (Bowling, 2007) History of Palo Alto The history of Palo Alto city was traced back in 1979 Gaspar de Portola made an Ohlone settlement in the said city. To commemorate what happened in this place, a plaque was made in order to remember the histiroy for Palo Alto City. The plaque was located at Middlefield Road and Webster Street, (Bowling, 2007) Landscape Architecture Landscape architecture is the art of planning, designing, developing, managing and rehabilitating a land for a specified purpose. Landscape architecture is a profession that is combination of different inter disciplinary field like mathematics, geography, engineering, art, horticulture, social science, politics, history and philosophy. The duties of a landscape architecture can range from different roles like designing of a museum, parks, site planning for commercial buildings, as well as residential lands, and development and maintenance of nature lands like forest. Arastradero Preserve There are many famous buildings and landmarks located in the city. Some of the notable landmarks located in Palo Alto are the Arastradero Preserve. Arastradero Preserve, which is officially known as Enid W. Pearson- Arastradero Open Space Preserve, is a nature preserve which serves as parking lot of the city. The landscape architects designed the Arastradero Preserve so that people can have a biking, hiking and horseback riding session. The preserve is a combination of savanna grassland and broadleaf evergreen forest that is suitable for a nature preserve location. This made also the preserve to be a habitat for many wildlife species like bobcats, deer and diverse birds. (City, 2001) Arizona Cactus Garden Another popular landmark in Palo Alto is the Arizona Cactus Garden located in the Stanford University. Arizona Cactus Garden is a botanical garden specializing in the production of different cacti and succulents. The Arizona Cactus Garden is open for public visit. The Arizona Cactus Garden was designed by Rudolph Ulrich, a landscape architect, for Jane and Leland Stanford. The garden was open in public on 1883. The design of the garden was planned to be near at the residence of the Stanford family as well at the Stanford estate. The garden was designed in such a way it is divided in to two parts, the Eastern and Western Hemisphere. The Eastern Hemisphere part contains aloes, jade plants and other succulents from Europe, Asia and Africa while the Eastern Hemisphere contains cacti that are native in America. The garden was designed and made as public landmarks were people can view different varieties of cactus and succulents. (Bowling, 2007) Stanford University One of the most famous landmarks located in Palo Alto is the Leland Stanford Junior University or simply Stanford University. It is a private university that is situated at the center of Silicon Valley. It was in 1891 the university was established under the supervision of the governor of California, Leland Stanford together with his wife Jane Stanford. The name was derived from their only son, Leland Stanford Jr. who died at his teenage years. The university was firstly known as The Farm because it is situated at eh Leland Stanford’s horse farm and offers courses for both male and female students. (Bowling, 2007) Stanford makes sure that the university will be of good quality that is why he consulted first some key person that may give a big help in the construction of the campus. Some of these person were Francis Amasa Walker, president of another university which is specialize in the filed of engineering, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and second is Frederick Law Olmsted which is a famous landscape architect. The main role of Olmsted is on the general plans and concept for the proposed university. These are the constructions of the buildings and the removal of hillside sites that will favor for more practical flatlands. Another landscape architect that helps in the design of the campus is Charles Allerton Coolidge. Coolidge used the concept Richardsonian Romanesque style that was derived from his teacher, Henry Hobson Richardson. The said style is has the properties of rectangular stone buildings that are joined by arcades of semi-circle arches. There was also another design that was incorporated at Stanford University, the Mission Revival. The Mission Revival is a Spanish-colonial style and is characterized as red tile roofs and solid sandstone masonry that hold a discrete Californian appearance. The red tile roof has a good combination to bright blue skies making it famous to the people of the city. (Bowling, 2007) The major open space is formed by an on-structure, two-level plaza. It is layered with linear arrays of granite and quartzite aligned to echo the San Andreas Fault line below, and subtly forms gathering areas of various sizes for outdoor classrooms. The lower and more private courtyard provides light to the surrounding laboratories and offices, and exposes a dry riverbed that continues the north/south fault line, while expressing the character of a lower stratum and accommodating gathering places for students, faculty and researchers. (Bowling, 2007) The Stanford University is a huge campus were almost basic building that is required in a university is made. There are different buildings for different department of the campus. There are also dormitories and student housing were the students can reside. Stanford University Arboretum Stanford University Arboretum, which is located at Stanford University, was also designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. First, the land where the arboretum is located was planted by live oak trees. Olmsted designed the arboretum so that the public is free to visit the park. The orientation of the trees to be planted was a factor that was considered by Olmsted as well as the spacing of the trees. Olmsted sees to it that the arboretum will serve as a public park. Jane Stanford finds the arboretum essential to the people of Palo Alto and once said to the people of the city; (Bowling, 2007) In this enlarged Arboretum it is desired that there shall be exhibited to advantage all the trees and wood plants of the world that may be expected to grow to mature natural forms under the climatic and other conditions of the locality. Byxbee Park Byxbee Park, which was designed by Peter Richards and Michael Oppenheimer, shows of the site’s unique form and characteristics. Is shows the inspiration of landfill, slough, marsh, wind, and sky. The park does not allow buildings to be made inside the park making it a very natural in purpose. The intertwined elements of the park make the park a very sensitive environmental landmark. Cantor Center for Visual Arts The Cantor Center for Visual Arts, which is located in Stanford University, is another landmark in Palo Alto. The Cantor Center for Visual Arts is a museum that contains about 24 galleries, terraces, and sculpture gardens. The museum was established when the university was established in 1891 as a memorial park for their late son. Hewlett Packard Courtyard The Hewlett Packard Courtyard was designed to show the aesthetic value of nature. Hewlett Packard Courtyard is a huge company specializing in the production of computer hardware and the likes like printers. Hedges, designer of the courtyard, design the rooms of the employers of the company in such a way that they can view the outside environment. The terminal wires of the computer being utilized allow the programmers to work outside the rooms. Three-dimensional landforms ripple out from the round cafeteria addition, creating a romantic play against the beaux-arts structure of the courtyard, and dividing the space to create more intimate areas. (Bowling, 2007) Conclusion The role of a landscape architect is very important when buildings and landmarks are being constructed. Because the aesthetic value of the proposed building is their product. It must be taken in to account the proper way of designing, planning as well as developing the building. It is in the hands of a landscape architect the success of the building because this will reflect the popularity of the building.

Monday, July 22, 2019

The Caste system Essay Example for Free

The Caste system Essay In order to answer this question it is necessary to address the issues raised from the caste system and the importance it has for society and the Hindus. The main issue that has emerged from the caste system is the treatment of the untouchables or Dalits. The Dalits exist outside the caste system, there are literally outcastes, and because of this status thrust upon them they are at the bottom of the social hierarchy. This status has dire consequences for the dalits. In village life they are expected to dwell outside the confines of the village, as they are considered to be polluting for the higher castes. Because they are considered to be polluting they are expected to have certain occupations that caste Hindus would consider polluting, such occupations include pig tending and assisting to cremate the dead, occupations that are not particularly appealing. They are the subject of crime and discrimination, for example K Danalaxmi, a Dalit, in Tamil Nadu and 57 other dalits have had been raided by higher caste Hindus and their huts the subject to arson attacks: she tells a BBC correspondent: the parents of children that go to the same school as my daughter did this they hate us and may come back again. 5 Politically speaking the dalits are legally equal to any other higher caste Hindu, indeed in the village Tamil Nadu high caste Hindus go to school with dalit children, so efforts have been made to reconcile the social rift between castes. However, such action has resulted in the assaults and violent actions committed against the dalits similar to that of the dalits in the village of Tamil Nadu. Indeed throughout history there have been many attempts to affiliate the higher castes with the untouchables. In the middle ages the Bhatki movement, meaning to love, encouraged the worship of God through adoration and devotion. More importantly in terms of caste, it attracted Hindus of all castes and presented a greater representation in Hindu society for those of the lower castes. In the 12th century, founder of the new philosophic movement, Shankaracharya preached that the two ways to salvation, dhyan and karma, was being monopolised by the Brahmin caste. Devotion was considered by the Bhatki movement as an equal path towards salvation. Another historical example of criticism of the caste system came much later in the 18th and 19th centuries, during the days of the British Empire. Missionaries were sent out to civilise the native pagans to the light of Christianity. Missionaries were successful at converting the dalits and the lower castes; for these subsections of society Christianity presented an attractive alternate life style. More recently another critic of the Caste system had an enormous impact on Indian society, indeed on the world. Mahatma Ghandi, who was a Vaisya, campaigned against the unjust social and economic aspects of the caste system, and did much work to improve the status of the untouchables, which he called the children of God or Harijans (a term much resented by the untouchables who preferred the term Dalits. ) The caste system is a highly controversial aspect of Hinduism, originating from Vedic times and lasting to the present day. It affects every aspect of Indian society, from marriages to government. It is has been heavily criticised since its creation, and constantly reformed. Indeed in the Bhagavad-Gita Lord Krishna invented the concept of Dharma, which offered reassurance to low caste Hindus for a chance for salvation. Albeit the caste systems origins may have been secular, it has become so embodied with the religion of Hinduism that to criticise the caste system is to criticise Hinduism. Thus it remains the foundation of modern Indian society. Has the caste system outlived its relevance to modern life? From a western perspective it has, westerners see it as inequitable and morally wrong. But in order to understand the true flaws of the caste system it is necessary to view the caste system from a Hindu perspective, only then can a scholar see if the caste system should still exist and the importance it has to Hindu life. Bibliography Introduction to Hinduism-Kim Knott www. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/south_asia/459591. stm http://artworld. uea. ac. uk/teaching_modules/india/historical_background/the_hindu_caste_system/welcome. html http://www. themystica. com/mystica/articles/b/bhakti. html 1 Introduction to Hinduism-K. K. Klostermaier. 2 At the core of most religions is the idea of attempting to join a supreme being. 3 The term cycle is perhaps misleading as it is more linear than a cycle. (perhaps) 4 Arvind Shama in Hinduism by Kim Knott. 5 www. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/459591. stm Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Agard: Half-Caste section.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

An Analysis Of The Asean Regional Forum Politics Essay

An Analysis Of The Asean Regional Forum Politics Essay The end of the Cold War brought a fundamental change of security environment in Asia. As the East-West confrontation ended, US security policies became unclear. A power vacuum had been created in the region after the Soviet armed forces withdrew from Far East and Indochina, and the Chinese political influence was rapidly increasing. A multilateral forum for regional security was therefore ASEANs solution to the challenges that arose. In spite of the end of the Cold War, Asia still had problems such as tension on the Korean Peninsula, territorial disputes over the Spratly Islands, civil war in Cambodia and tension across the Taiwan Straits. These were problems that posed the threat of becoming severely destabilizing factors in the region. Although the United States had become the worlds only military superpower, in terms to burden sharing, its domestic economic problems as well as the global nature of all its affairs placed more demand on Asian countries. Therefore, Asian nations were preoccupied with this new set of circumstances in terms of security and how to get through the post-Cold War transitional period, while maintaining stability in Asia and ensuring its further development. The fundamental views of that emerged in the context of the above security threat were: In an uncertain post-Cold War era, promotion of confidence-building measures among Asian countries will be increasingly necessary. The Asia Pacific region will soon be facing new global issues such as the environment, terrorism, and drug trafficking. In order to address such issues, a regional cooperative framework is crucial and should be enhanced. The late 1980s and early 1990s marked a period of strategic shifts and uncertainty for Southeast Asia. Incorporating China and Japan into the web of interdependence with the rest of the region became imperative. It was recognised that United States engagement in the Asia Pacific region is indispensable for the stability and prosperity of the region. Thus, the ARF emerged. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is the principal forum for security dialogue in Asia, complementing the various bilateral alliances and dialogues. It provides a setting in which members can discuss current regional security issues and develop cooperative measures to enhance peace and security in the region. It draws together 27 countries which that include the 10 ASEAN member states (Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam). To begin with, it is not hard to miss that the ARFs scope in terms of its member states goes far beyond South East Asia such that it includes a large number the developed and emerging powers of the world. In my view, this is an important characteristic of the ARF, which makes it unique compared to other security forums around the world. The reason behind this could be the idea of collective security. Most conflicts tend to involve national interests of major powers of the world. Therefore, their inclusion in the forum in a way ensures their consent or commitment towards peace and stability in the region. Formation of the ARF The ASEAN Regional Forum was primarily the outcome of states response to regional security problems that emerged post Cold War. The reasons for its formation can be looked via the two contrasting lenses of Realism and Idealism in order to grasp a wider interpretation. According to Realism, state action is a result of it national interests and a constant security dilemma that it faces. The concern for security motivates states to behave in a certain way, which in this case, was to come together and form a multilateral institution. Post-Cold War, there was a concern about changing strategic situation of South East Asia, wherein there was the fear that the attention and aid that the United States had showered during and before the Cold War would wane away. Moreover, the rapidly rising power of China was extremely worrisome and there was still a trust deficit that existed among the ASEAN countries and Japan- a hangover of Second World War ASEAN saw the ARF as a way to keep the US in, and China and Japan down. Moreover, the ARF could be seen as ASEANs way to maintain a balance of Power among the South East Asian Nations themselves. However, the realist interpretation of ARFs formation has a serious limitation. While it explains why the ARF was formed, it fails to explain why the forum was formed in spite of different interests that persisted among the ASEAN nations. What motivates countries to come together and trust each other, in spite of having varying goals and the constant security dilemma that was mentioned above. This limitation in explaining ARFs formation can be overcome by the explanation provided by the Idealist School of Thought. Idealists hold the view that shared norms and principals, as well as shared security concerns is what brought the ASEAN countries together to conjure up the idea of this forum. In an uncertain post-Cold War era, promotion of confidence-building measures among Asian countries became increasingly necessary. A serious threat was perceived to be posed by new global issues such as the environment, terrorism, and drug trafficking. In order to address such issues, a regional coope rative framework is crucial and should be enhanced. However, it is important to note that these nations didnt come together based on the above realization by themselves. Important track 2 level actors were involved to bring about this realisation about these shared norms, mutual benefits of forming ARF such as ASEAN-ISIS (Institutes of Strategic International Studies). Even so, besides the above reasons behind ARFs formation, what was it that motivated the major powers to join this forum? The consensus of the US is believed to be a result of US strategic reorientation post Cold War. The United States viewed ARF as a useful device to rein in China. Also, it saw the forum as an alternative way to deal with Asia-Pacific regional security without invoking bilateral ties which may have provoked China. Chinas joining is attributed to the fact that Beijing no longer saw multilateralism as a noose around its neck, but as an opportunity to make itself heard and understood by its neighbors on security and economic matters. This was a major change from Chinas view in the early 1990s. It is important to look deeply into the intricacies involved in the formation of the ARF because it gives us a deeper insight in the organizations role in Conflict Prevention and Confidence Building, which are important elements of Peacebuilding. The idea of forming a policy-oriented, security related dialogue with ASEAN at the centre- first proposed at ASEAN-Post Minstrel Conference (PMC) in Kuala Lumpur in July 1991. In January, 1992, an agreement was reached to strengthen political and security dialogue with non-ASEAN countries. In July, 1993, an agreement was reached to establish ARF, to include China and Russia. Finally, in July, 1994, 1st ASEAN Regional Forum was held in Bangkok. The Deepening of the ARF- Guiding Principles At the inaugural ARF in 1994, eighteen foreign ministers conducted a free discussion, without a prepared agenda or speech text. It served well to increase mutual understanding among the participants. Russia was unexpectedly active, while the Chinese attitude was cautious. China negatively reacted to the idea of using ARF to deal with specific security issues such as North Korean nuclear capability. After the discussion, though, all involved shared the view that the time was ripe to have security talks at the government level. They agreed to adopt the following as guiding principles for future dialogue. The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia: It was signed in Bali Summit of 1976, responsible for changing ASEANs vision and future course. The United Nations Charter The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, which are as follows: Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity of all participating nations;  · The right of every state to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion;  · Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;  · Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful means;  · Renunciation of the threat or use of force. The Zone Of Peace, Freedom And Neutrality (ZOPFAN) in Southeast Asia: This Declaration committed all ASEAN members to exert efforts to secure the recognition of and respect for South East Asia as a Zone of Peace, free from any manner of interference by outside powers. The Declaration called upon all members to broaden the areas of cooperation which would contribute to their strength, solidarity and closer relationships. The concept of the South East Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone (SEANWFZ): At the Bangkok Summit (1994), the ASEAN leaders signed the Treaty on the South East Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone, stressing its determination to contribute towards general and complete disarmament and the promotion of international peace and security. The Treaty also aimed at protecting the region from environmental pollution and the hazards caused by radioactive waste and other toxic materials. In its first sixteen years, the ARF has focused on confidence building measures and has made modest gains in building a sense of strategic community. But efforts to develop tools of preventive diplomacy and conflict management are still at an early stage. At the ARF Ministerial Meeting in July 2009, a Vision Statement was endorsed providing a roadmap to guide the direction of the ARF to 2020.   The Statement includes an undertaking to develop an ARF preventive diplomacy capacity.   In order to achieve this, ARF Ministers agreed that a Work Plan for Preventive Diplomacy be developed in the 2009-10 ARF cycle. ARF meetings and processes The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has responsibility for ARF policy, in consultation with the Department of Defence. ARF meetings are held at Foreign Minister level, annually in July/August in conjunction with the ASEAN Post Ministerial Conference (PMC). The chair of ASEAN, which rotates on annual basis, is also the chair of the ARF. The principal formal ARF document is the ARF chairs statement issued after every ARF Ministerial meeting. The ARF is supported by the ARF Senior Officials Meeting which meets annually in May or June. Two ARF Intersessional Support Group (ISG) meetings on Confidence Building Measures and Preventive Diplomacy are also held at officials level each year, co-chaired by one ASEAN and one non-ASEAN member. Recommendations and outcomes of these ISG meetings feed into the ARF Senior Officials Meeting. The ARF conducts four Inter-Sessional Meetings (ISM) annually that represent focus areas of the forum. These are ISMs on Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime, Disaster Relief, Maritime Security, and Non-Proliferation and Disarmament. Second-track (non-official) institutions, such as the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) and the ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies (ASEAN ISIS), have been instrumental in generating ideas and inputs for ARF (first track) consideration. The second-track institutions and networks conduct a number of seminars and working groups on regional security issues, involving academics, security specialists and officials participating in a personal capacity. Through its discretionary grants program, the Department supports the activities of AUS-CSCAP (the Australian Member Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific). The merit of track two level institutions is that they manage to deal with sensitive issues without creating tensions among states. This leads to fresh approaches, early warning mechanisms, etc. The inclusion of Track 2 level diplomacy is a unique feature of the ARF as a security forum. No other major security forum in the world employs this approach. ARFs Role in Conflict Resolution In ARFs 1995 concept paper it was recognized that the forum is relatively new and would take a gradual evolutionary approach towards building a conflict resolution capacity, rather than trying to tackle security challenges without having the appropriate capability to engage itself in the same. A consensus was reached on how this evolution can take place in three stages: Stage I : Promotion of Confidence-Building Measures Stage II: Development of Preventive Diplomacy Mechanisms Stage III: Development of Conflict-Resolution Mechanisms In the first 16 years since its inception, the ARFs activities have mainly revolved around building trust and confidence in the region, a practice whose basis lies in ASEANs well established practices of consultation and consensus (musyawarah and mufakat) The participants of the first ARF Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok in July 1994 agreed on the need to develop a more predictable and constructive pattern of relations for the Asia-Pacific region. In its initial phase, the ARF committed itself to therefore concentrate on enhancing, the trust and confidence amongst participants and thereby foster a regional environment conducive to maintaining the peace and prosperity of the region. In promoting confidence-building measures, the ARF adopted two complementary approaches. The first approach derives from ASEANs experience, which provides a valuable and proven guide for the ARF. ASEAN has succeeded in reducing, tensions among, its member states, promoting region cooperation and creating a regional climate conducive to peace and prosperity without the implementation of explicit confidence-building measures. ASEANs well established practices of consultation and consensus (musyawarah and mufakat) have been significantly enhanced by the regular exchanges of high-level visits among ASEAN countries. This pattern of regular visits has effectively developed into a preventive diplomacy channel. The second approach was the implementation of concrete confidence-building measures. The first ARF meeting, in Bangkok entrusted the next Chairman of the ARF, Brunei Darussalam, to study all the ideas presented by ARF participants and to also study other relevant internationally recognised norms, principles and practices. After extensive consultations, the ASEAN countries have prepared two lists of confidence-building measures. The first list spells out measures which can be explored and implemented by ARF participants in the immediate future. The second list is an indicative list of other proposals which can be explored over the medium and long-term by ARF participants and also considered in the immediate future by the Track Two process. These lists include possible preventive diplomacy and other measures. It was decided that given the delicate nature of many of the subjects being considered by the ARF, there was merit in moving the ARF process along two tracks. Track One activities will be carried out by governments. Track Two activities will be carried out by strategic institutes and non-government organisations in the region, such as ASEAN-ISIS and CSCAP. To be meaningful and relevant, the Track Two activities focus, as much as possible, on the current concerns of the ARF. The synergy between the two tracks would contribute greatly to confidence-building measures in the region. Over time, these Track Two activities should result in the creation of a sense of community among participants of those activities. This is another unique strategy adopted by the security forum in addition to its controversial strategy of non-interference. There remains a residue of unresolved territorial and other disputes that could be sources of tension or conflict. If the ARF is to become, over time, a meaningful vehicle to enhance the peace and prosperity of the region, it will have to demonstrate that it is a relevant instrument to be used in the event that a crisis or problem emerges. The ARF meeting in Bangkok demonstrated this by taking a stand on the Korean issue at the very first meeting. This was a signal that the ARF is ready to address any challenge to the peace and security of the region. Over time, the ARF must develop its own mechanisms to carry preventive diplomacy and conflict-resolution. In doing so, the ARF will face unique challenges. There are no established roads or procedures for it to follow. Without a high degree of confidence among ARF participants, it is unlikely that they will agree to the establishment of mechanisms which are perceived to be intrusive and/or autonomous. This is a political reality the ARF recognises. Conclusion It is clear from the above analysis that the ARF must be accepted as a sui generis Organisation. It has had no established precedents to follow and has carved out a unique path for itself as a security organisation. A great deal of innovation and ingenuity will be required to keep the ARF moving forward while at the same time ensure that it enjoys the support of its diverse participants. This is a major challenge both for the ASEAN countries and other ARF participants. The UN Secretary-Generals Agenda for Peace has recognised that just as no two regions or situations are the same, so the design of cooperative work and its division of labour must adjust to the realities of each case with flexibility and creativity. It has been 16 years in the formation of the ARF and in its first fifteen years, the ARF has focused on confidence building measures and has made modest gains in building a sense of strategic community and having achieved the status of being one of the most peaceful regions of the world. But efforts to develop tools of preventive diplomacy and conflict management are still at an early stage. And one can only wait and watch how the vision 2020 moves towards the 3rd stage of Conflict Resolution. ARFs approach has of course earned a lot of flak, especially for its policy of non interference. It is often argued and wondered as to how a security organization can ensure security in a region if it does not make efforts to stop internal conflicts. After all, in the present age of globalisation, even conflicts no longer restrict themselves to boundaries and are bound to become transnational sooner or later. The ARF has even earned the nick name of a talk shop in certain critiques. However, it is imperative to recognize that the ARF by running on the basis of ASEAN values has played a much more important role with regard to creating a basis of trust and confidence in order to achieve mutual benefits in the region. In the words of Winston Churchill, To jaw-jaw is better than to war-war. And this is where the ARF has scored. The fact remains that today, the region of South East Asia remains one of the most peaceful and stable regions in the world, and it has managed to do so, on the basis of shared norms and values rather than realpolitik. And the world can learn a lesson from that.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Reasons for Returning to College Essay -- Personal Narrative, Admissi

Returning back to school was a very natural decision for me. It seemed to be the next logical step in my personal and career goals. My ultimate goal is to be happy and healthy and be a good provider and role model. With that set aside for now, my next goal is to be financially stable and able to provide for my family in ways that my family was not able to provide for me. I definitely expect to work for what I want and earn every bit of it. The most recent motivator was that my company was willing to contribute a huge chunk of the yearly tuition, therefore removing some financial burden. This makes me feel like they truly care about my future and they really want to see me succeed. I have several personal reasons for returning to school. I take my personal goals very seriously. Some might say that I am my own worst critic and I am very hard on myself. I simply feel that I can and will do better and I do not settle for anything but the best out of myself. Ultimately, I have to live with myself and the decisions I make on a daily basis for the rest of my life. I must fulfill my own personal goals otherwise I am not giving myself to others completely. I have very clear and specific personal goals. To begin, I want to be financially stable. By having my degree, I want to be able to get a better job through a promotion thus making more money. I want to be able to help my child pay for college so he doesn?t have to struggle as hard as I did to put myself through school. Plus, m...

Telling America s Story Essay -- William F. Lewis Essays

Telling America 's Story The three essays of rhetorical criticism, Telling America 's Story: Narrative Form and the Regan Presidency by William F. Lewis, The "Promiscuous Audience" Controversy and the Emergence of the Early Woman 's Rights Movement by Susan Zaeske, and Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthanasia: A Case Study in the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse by Michael J. Hyde each employ a variety of strategies to examine the rhetoric of three distinct situations. This paper will attempt to dissect each of the essays in a comparative manner. Specifically, it will evaluate the introductions, how effectively they are constructed, and how the essays follow according to the expectations set forth in the introductions. In Telling America 's Story, Lewis starts by providing a quick explanation of the country's status as Regan entered office. The reader is instantly introduced to "the Western world's most gifted communicator." Lewis does not leave the reader with that viewpoint for long as he goes on to explain the views of Regan's critics. Arguments of Regan's "ideology without ideas" and the New Republic editor's comment that "Ronald Regan has never let the facts get in the way of a good story" begin to steer the reader toward a more objective state of mind. A fair balance of the two viewpoints is maintained throughout the piece, but the overall feel of it seems to be geared toward the latter. It is not until half way down the second page of his essay that Lewis clearly states his purpose, to "account for the distinctive reputation, style, and effect of Ronald Regan's discourse". He even lists the two objectives that his essay will accomplish, which are explained later under headings that bear the same name as the stated ... ...ike Lewis's topic. The question/answer method is effective in this essay because it gives the reader something to prepare for. The reader knows what to look for in the rest of essay and will be more attentive when reading. She does not leave the reader hanging; the rest of the essay is distinctly laid out and easily answers all questions. The review of these essays showed that while rhetorical criticism does need to have formal structure, there are many ways for a critic to accomplish their objectives within the confines that basic structure. Although it is not always best choice for every situation, I feel that a shorter, more direct approach to an introduction, as in Hyde's piece, is the most effective. I also thought that the question/answer format worked well for Zaske. It may have been the topic, but I found that the Hyde essay was the most engaging overall. Telling America 's Story Essay -- William F. Lewis Essays Telling America 's Story The three essays of rhetorical criticism, Telling America 's Story: Narrative Form and the Regan Presidency by William F. Lewis, The "Promiscuous Audience" Controversy and the Emergence of the Early Woman 's Rights Movement by Susan Zaeske, and Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthanasia: A Case Study in the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse by Michael J. Hyde each employ a variety of strategies to examine the rhetoric of three distinct situations. This paper will attempt to dissect each of the essays in a comparative manner. Specifically, it will evaluate the introductions, how effectively they are constructed, and how the essays follow according to the expectations set forth in the introductions. In Telling America 's Story, Lewis starts by providing a quick explanation of the country's status as Regan entered office. The reader is instantly introduced to "the Western world's most gifted communicator." Lewis does not leave the reader with that viewpoint for long as he goes on to explain the views of Regan's critics. Arguments of Regan's "ideology without ideas" and the New Republic editor's comment that "Ronald Regan has never let the facts get in the way of a good story" begin to steer the reader toward a more objective state of mind. A fair balance of the two viewpoints is maintained throughout the piece, but the overall feel of it seems to be geared toward the latter. It is not until half way down the second page of his essay that Lewis clearly states his purpose, to "account for the distinctive reputation, style, and effect of Ronald Regan's discourse". He even lists the two objectives that his essay will accomplish, which are explained later under headings that bear the same name as the stated ... ...ike Lewis's topic. The question/answer method is effective in this essay because it gives the reader something to prepare for. The reader knows what to look for in the rest of essay and will be more attentive when reading. She does not leave the reader hanging; the rest of the essay is distinctly laid out and easily answers all questions. The review of these essays showed that while rhetorical criticism does need to have formal structure, there are many ways for a critic to accomplish their objectives within the confines that basic structure. Although it is not always best choice for every situation, I feel that a shorter, more direct approach to an introduction, as in Hyde's piece, is the most effective. I also thought that the question/answer format worked well for Zaske. It may have been the topic, but I found that the Hyde essay was the most engaging overall.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Essay on Toni Morrisons Beloved - Sethes Act of Filicide

Sethe's Act of Filicide in Beloved      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shortly after the publication of Beloved, Toni Morrison commented in an interview that Sethe's murder of Beloved "was the right thing to do, but she had no right to do it.... It was the only thing to do, but it was the wrong thing to do."1[1]   Does this remark prove the moral ambiguity of the infanticide, as Terry Otten argues?2[2]   Yes, it was right but wrong, and wrong but right.   However, the most important thing is that "It was the only thing to do."   Sethe had no choice.   If there is anything wrong, it must be either, in Paul D's words, her "too thick" love, or the inhumane institution of slavery.   However, as Sethe answers back to Paul D, for her, "Thin love ain't love at all" (164).   For Sethe, there is no such thing as "thin" love, and it is true.   Her love is not "too" thick but "so" thick that she would kill her own child rather than see the baby live as a slave.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another interview in 1994 makes it even clearer that Toni Morrison has been sympathetic to Sethe from the start.   She talks about Margaret Garner, whose story gave Morrison the inspiration to write this novel.   Sethe's story is almost identical with Margaret Garner's.       I had an idea that I didn't know was a book idea.... One was a newspaper clipping about a woman named Margaret Garner in 1851....   she had escaped from Kentucky with her four children.   She had run off into a little woodshed right outside her house to kill them because she had been caught as a fugitive.   And she had made up her mind that they would not suffer the way that she had and it was better to die.   She succeeded in killing one; she tried to kill two others....   That the woman who killed her children love... ...she was able to keep the longest.   Twenty years.... Her two girls, neither of whom had their adult teeth, were sold and gone and she had not been able to wave goodbye.   To make up for coupling with a straw boss for four months in exchange for keeping her their child, a boy, with her - only to have him traded for lumber in the spring of the next year and to find herself pregnant by the man who promised not to and did.   The child that she could not love and the rest she would not. (23) She could not claim any child as hers.   Being someone's property, she could not and would not love her children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7[7]   Eric Jerome Bauer, "Beloved: The Paradox of Freedom," <http://www.viconet.com/~ejb/belovedweb.htm >   It is almost annoying to read such a naà ¯ve opinion based on "too abstract" humanism, but it is worth thinking of what makes the opinion possible.   

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Discussion of Architectural Movements

Question 1: See the impact of the Industrial Revolution on 19th century architecture. Your reply should research the manner in which edifices could be constructed, every bit good as the new demands being made upon architecture. The 19th century brought an age of uncertainness, assurance apparent in the elegant architecture of the 18th C had diminished, rejecting abnormality and polychrome, and was subjected to a period of architectural eclectic method. The birth of this sought after manner would let elements to be retained from old historic case in points, returning to the manner of Michelangelo etc. , whilst making something that is new andoriginal, forming manners of Neo-Classical and Neo-Gothic. This ability to make a merger of manners allowed for look devised through creative activity, notreminiscence ; normally elected based on its propensity to the undertaking and overall aesthetic value, seeking to reconstruct order and restraint to architecture. Another Influence can be traced from the industrial revolution, a clip of rapid alteration, sing dramatic fluctuation and experimentation. With Changes in fabrication, conveyance, engineering, there was a profound effect on the societal economic sciences and cultural conditions. The urban population radically increased, with metropoliss likewise multiplying in size and figure. The effects for these new spread outing metropoliss was monolithic overcrowding. Factory proprietors were required to supply a big measure of inexpensive houses, ensuing in dumbly packedterraces, constructed to a low criterion. The enlargement of mass industry brought the potency of new constructing engineerings such as dramatis personae Fe, steel, and glass, with which designers and applied scientists devised constructions antecedently un-reached in both map, size, and signifier. Consequently, stuffs could be mass produced quickly and cheaply, non merely being applied to things like bricks, but besides Fe colu mns, glass panels etc. , intending constructions of all types could be constructed quicker and cheaper than of all time earlier. This generated a new potency of standardized designs, created from indistinguishable mill constituents, which could be mass produced bettering the efficiency of building clip but non needfully the quality. Through the rise of the revolution, architecture was now exposed to a magnitude of new building methods. Structures dwelling of metal columns and beams no longer needed walls for structural support, glass could be fashioned in larger sizes volumes and dense constructions could be replaced by skeleton constructions ; doing it possible to make antecedently restricted tallness and width really rapidly, utilizing pre-fabricated elements. However, this new architecture lacked in imaginativeness and manner as the focal point was cast towards functionality. An illustration of this new engineering was The Crystal Palace 1851. It was a glass and Fe collector's item, with pre-fabricated parts that could be mass-produced and erected quickly. This dazzled the 1000000s of visitants go throughing through its doors as it stood in blazing disparity to old monolithic rock building. Crystal Palace became the foundation for modern architecture, its transparence signified a sense of ‘no boundaries ’ . Question 2: Chart the cardinal features of the Art Nouveau motion in architecture. To what extent was this motion influential in the move towards International Modernism? The architectural manner of Art Nouveau foremost arouse in Europe, bring forthing its most originative stage between 1893 and 1905. Art Nouveau repelled against old classical Hellenic and Roman rules, rejecting the rigorous and formal ideals, which had been prevailing during much of the 19th C. It was established on the merger of formal inspiration from the English Arts and Crafts, every bit good as the structural importance of Gallic Rationalism, and the structural abstraction from nature, which was perceived as the best beginning of stimulation and aesthetic principals. Architects found their inspiration in the expressive organic signifiers that emphasised humanity ‘s natural aspiration, with dominate ornate embroideries, curvilineal signifiers, and design motives based on conventionalized workss and flowers. Art Nouveau manner architecture can be identified by specific basicss and separating factors which led to omnipresent cultural urges, looking throughout its life clip, n evertheless there is no individual definition or significance behind it. The manner originated from the reaction to a kingdom of art which was dominated by precise geometrical composings of Neo-Classical ideals. In hunt of a new design linguistic communication, constructs evolved distant from historical and classical restraints employed by old faculty members and current case in points. Alternatively designs were characterized by graceful, sinuate lines filled with irregular way, which were seldom angular. This was accompanied by violent curves ; rhythmic forms of curved, fluid lines that connect beautified field points, such as entrywaies and dramatis personae columns. The doctrine of Art Nouveau was in proviso of using delicate beauty to commonplace objects, in order for beautiful objects to be crystalline to all. No entity was excessively useful to be beautified, it was non merely apparent in external architecture butinterior ornamentsdisplayed its criterions as good. The inclination led towards organic capable affair, flowers, foliages, vines, and oth er organic images embellished architecture with each characteristic obtaining a different visual aspect ; a rapper moulded to look like a darning needle, birds etched into window frames, abstract lilies floating about stairwell bannisters. The manner embraces a assortment of stylistic readings ; some designers choosing for new low-priced stuffs with the aspiration of mass production, whilst others used more expensive stuffs valuing high workmanship. A assortment of motions continued to scout incorporate organic design, including DeStijl, and the Bauhaus School, nevertheless this shortly declined. Art Nouveau constituted a major measure towards the rational and stylistic invention of modern architecture, interrupting the tendency of looking backwards, which emphasised map over signifier and the riddance of otiose adornment. The stylistic basicss progressed into the simpler, rationalised signifiers of modernism. Theunderlying basicss of the art nouveau construct, of a exhaustively incorporate environment, remains a important component of modern-day modernism today. Question 3: With mentions to illustrations of his reinforced work, explore Le Corbusier’s ‘Five Points of a New Architecture’ . Le Corbusier’s foremost principle expressions at the system of structural support, it suggests that a differentiation can instantly be made between elements. Therefore back uping walls can be replaced by a grid of columns, spaced out at specific, equal intervals that withholds the structural burden. By promoting the land floor, it is thereby removed from the moistness land and is now to subject to visible radiation and air and accordingly the landscape can go on to flux beneath whilst deriving extra level roof infinite. The 2nd rule identifies the demand for the level roof to be utilised for a domestic intent such as a roof patio or garden, later intending that infinite lost in built up countries can be recovered. This country will expose epicurean organic flora, nevertheless it provides a structural intent supplying indispensable protection to the concrete roof. Resulting rain can now be controlled, fluxing off bit by bit down drain pipes, concealed within the inside of the e difice. The 3rd rule provinces that, due to fortunes made clear in the first rule, interior walls can now be placed where required, each floor being wholly independent to the following. The absence of back uping walls allows unrestrained freedom within the internal design. The forth rule dictates that the facade can be lifted from its structural map, leting the freedom of design separated from its original outside. By projecting the floor beyond its system of structural supports the whole facade is extended, losing its supportive quality, the facade therefore is free from limitations. The 5th rule determines that the facade can be intersect with horizontal window running the full length, widening from support to back up. These rectangular gaps allow plentiful sums of visible radiation and air, accomplishing equally illuminated suites of maximal light and hence taking the demand for perpendicular Windowss. We can picture the development of these rules through some of his reinforced work, foremost with his experimentation with Maison Citrohan, 1922. Through legion paradigms le Corbusier dramas with presenting this typical characteristics. Villa Stein 1926, is the first full illustration of these rules. Built around a rigorous grid of structural columns, the Villa features an unfastened program layout with roof patio protected by screens. The concrete construction obtains strips of thread Windowss, nevertheless that land beneath has been to the full consumed by the Villa. The Villa Savoye 1929, visibly embodies all five points of the new aesthetic. The majority of the construction is supported above the land by slender reinforced concrete piles. The house conceals an unfastened floor program that culminates a roof garden, counterbalancing for the green infinite lost beneath. Finally, the clean white facade embodies the typical thread windows that allow unobstructed positions.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Gender Socialization in American Social Institutions Essay

Socialization refers to how mint learn contrary cultures and learn to snuff it with the heterogeneous aspects of the cultures. For an individual, well-disposedization provides an opportunity to accomplish different habits and skills that atomic number 18 necessary for act and acting at dissimilar trains at bottom the society. For the wider society, kindlyising enables contrastive people to permutation moral norms, honours, attitudes, social social functions, languages, motives and so forth, at that placeby attaining a form of social and ethnic stability (Sapiro, 1990).Socialization is affected by m any(prenominal) factors, which look at contri unlessed to factors much(prenominal) as social stratification with particular with savoir-faire to grammatical gender among various societies. umteen another(prenominal) social theories need suggested that gender is a bosom ca commit of social stratification in the American Society ( gem, 2001 Andersen & Taylor, 20 05 Levinson, Cookson & Sadovnik, 2002 Giddens & Griffiths, 2006). Social stratification with respect to gender has been noted in more argonas such(prenominal)(prenominal) as appear of worship, schools, workplaces, and many separate beas that involve social funda workforcetal interactions.According to Andersen and Taylor (2005), the various methods used in interaction in different institutions running to stratification since young-begetting(prenominal)s usu every(prenominal)y tend to look across the social scene, thus creating a topographic evince whereby females rush to play a piece role in socialising. This paper leave alone evaluate the methods of acculturation used by people in different American educational institutions with particular reference to the role of gender in the social scene.The coif of the paper will involve a brief discussion of the various aspects of socializing in the American context followed by a discussion of the methods of gender enculturat ion in American social educational institutions. wakeual activity culture among Americans According to Stone (2001), the American society places a set of importance in the role of the family as the basic social unit of the society. In fact, the evidence for this is shown by the abundance in or so libraries of published materials regarding marriage and family life-time in the united States.The affaire in family life is instigated by the fact that there be various instances of gender interaction such as those involving peasantren in the midst of children and their parents between parents and between parents and their in- honors (Stone, 2001). An obvious gender interaction that is norm entirelyy less work forcetioned is that between any parent and m opposite-in equity or father-in-law of the glacial sex. The aspect of m otherwise in law in particular has been a fuss to many couples in the American society.In this context, Stone (2001) quotes Eppie Lederer who com manpowert ed on the persistent job associated with mothers-in-law by asking the promontory must(prenominal) we bug outlaw the mother in law? The products of family life, that is children, also socialise differently depending on where they are. Andersen and Taylor (2005) note that gender acculturation among children is impacted upon by peers, parents, the media, schools, religious institutions and forth. It is at the child level that various paths of gender socialization are charted.For instance, in schools girls usually dismay involved in communal games and uniform getting into groups whereas boys tend to compose interest in games that are individualistic (Andersen & Taylor, 2005). The resembling authors also note that girls play more(prenominal) than than freely when they are involved in same sex groups. On the other hand, boys tend to wield power over girls when they play with them and carry a angle of dip to create laws of play over girls. This is perchance what leads to custodys dominance in scenes in later life (Andersen & Taylor, 2005 Stone, 2001).Methods of gender socialization in American educational and religious institutions As is the case in all societies, socialization occurs at all stages of life, not just in childhood stages. The attributes displayed by children in their early days such as gender-typed forms of games are indication of behavior that appear later during with child(p) life. The aspects of competitive play displayed by boys install them for the configuration socialization environment they experience as adults.Giddens and Griffiths (2006) note that boys engage in more aggressive socialization activities because in future they get active in activities such as sports and the large groups they interact with also teach them to cooperate and postulate when working together later in life. Among girls, there is a slightly different approach to socialization. Andersen and Taylor (2005) note that learn in the same way as girl s but they dont tend to value the attributes such as highly as boys or men even though these attributes are no less grave to them. olibanum, gender socialization in various American educational institutions is based on these attributes as discussed in the following sections. Gender socialization in schools Schools in have a distinct influence on gender socialization because of the considerable keep down to time children spend them (Cookson, 1990). Teachers of all sex have different expectations for boys and girls. According to search findings, boys in American schools call out answers about eight times more than girls (Andersen & Taylor, 2005). This makes boys get more attention from their teachers than girls.This point is emphasized by the fact that when teachers of every sex respond to the boys they increase the boys level of perceived importance. Another level of socialization in schools is the kind of books used in class. The kind of messages depicted in the books usually de termine the kind of socialization that children have later in life or among themselves (Levinson, Cookson & Sadovnik, 2002). If a person of a current gender is used as a central figure and is portrayed to be powerful or a genius, a mentality is developed among children that people of that gender are powerful in all dimensions.Most of the characters depicted as such are men. Gender socialization and trust Religion is one of the aspects of gender socialization that is often overlooked in the American society. Different religious groups lay strain on different aspects of their culture such as gender differences. For instance, most Judeo-Christian religions found in the United States put much emphasis on gender, with a common perspective that men are spiffing to women. In religions that embrace Jewish-Orthodox Judaism, men offer prayer to theology thanking him for not having made a striver of woman for them.In addition, many other religions in the United States exclude women from leadership in religious functions to signify that women transmit a lower position in the society (Levinson, Cookson & Sadovnik, 2002). Aside from the religions that belittle gender, socialization in Christian and Muslim faiths encourages just about form of gender equity (Cookson, 1990). Thus in both churches and mosques, women constantly use what they learn based on their faiths to question racist practices and other forms of unfair intercession by men.Along this line, protestant and evangelistic churches in the United States campaign for share household roles and equal job opportunities as part of socialization between men and women (Stone, 2001). Gender socialization and the media Different forms of media such as magazines, film, television, medicinal drug and many others have a lot of influence on the kind of socialization in the United States. Communication by dint of the various forms of media is facilitated through features such as cartoons, narrations, messages in musi c and so forth.Men and women play different roles in the media industry and this determines show they socialize at various levels. But a common tendency is that men are usually portrayed as more powerful figure in various media by their dominance in films, sports, and many other activities. This has changed how people view various forms of media and stratified the society (particularly learning institutions) in terms of popularity of some programs. Television in the United States has been criticized for portraying unrealistic images of women and men with respect to their appearance and age (Stone, 2001). in that location is a common opinion that women are usually portrayed provocatively on television in dresses such as underwear, nightwear, swimsuits and so forth. Media images in social scenes such as social halls, school halls, colleges and other institutions in the United States and so on are criticized for depicting white men as exercising higher role than white women as well as black men and black women. Many advertisements in social settings also have the same tendency of depicting the male gender as being superior to the female gender (Stone, 2001).Gender socialization and employment in educational institutions Workplaces as schools are characterized by people of either gender playing different roles. The American system of job classification us characterized by hierarchical organizations which put men and women in different job capacities. For instance, most principals in schools and superintendents of colleges are men (Andersen & Taylor, 2005). This whence creates an ill-advised notion that leaders in social institutions are always men. goalIt is evident that various from of gender socialization in educational institutions such as schools, colleges, churches, social halls and so forth in the United States is greatly influenced by the kind of socialization that takes place in easy levels of education such as immature schools. In addition, the kind of behavior that boys and girls are exposed to is carried into adult life. This is shown in many organizations that disseminate knowledge such as colleges, most of which portray men as being superior to women. References Andersen, M. L. and Taylor H. F. (2005).Sociology understanding a diverse society. raw(a) York Cengage Learning. Cookson, L. Gender equity, social institutions and the future of fertility. Journal of Population Research, 17(1)1-14 Giddens, A & Griffiths, S. (2006). Sociology. New York Polity Levinson, D. Cookson, P. W. & Sadovnik , A. R. (2002). Education and sociology an encyclopedia. New York Taylor & Francis. Sapiro, V. (1990) Women in American society an establishment to womens studies. New York Mayfield Pub. Co. Stone, L. (2001). New directions in anthropological kinship. New York Rowman & Littlefield.

Round-Trip Copper Reactions Lab Report

AP Chemistry 12/13/11 Round-Trip Copper Reactions Lab The get of this lab was to evaluate our skills of decanting a supernatant luculent with come in losing the solid and successful completion of a series of reactions. This was done through fivesome chemical reactions involving shit. In this lab, primary(a) cop was put through five different chemical reactions in order to transmute it into different compounds. By the send away of the one-fifth reaction, the blur was back to its elemental state. In the first reaction, 0. 95 g of pure strapper was reacted with 4. 0 mL of concentrated azotic acid under the smoke hood.The solvent was swirled until all of the grunter had dissolved. The equilibrate equality for this reaction is as follows Cu (s) + 4HNO3 (aq) a Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) When the nitric acid came into contact with the solid bruiser, a browned foul up was immediately released into the fume hood. This brown gasoline was nitrogen dioxide as the ba lanced par supra shows. As the copper dissolved, the settlement slowly off-key blue be micturate of the copper ions. In the second reaction, distilled pissing was added to the copper (II) nitrate solution until the beaker was half full. Then, 30 mL of 3. M sodium hydroxide was added to the solution. The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) a Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) When sodium hydroxide was added to the copper (II) nitrate solution, a burnished blue gel-like hasty was formed instantly. This precipitate was copper (II) hydroxide. The precipitate was blue because of the copper ions. In the one-third reaction, the copper (II) hydroxide solution was heated in a higher place a Bunsen burner. Continual stirring was necessitate to reduce the bumping, or formation of bubbles that release gas very quickly that have the potential to cause injury.The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows Cu(OH)2 (s) a CuO (s) + H2O (l) When the sol ution was heated, the bright blue precipitate slowly began to darken, at first by covering flakes of black, then eventually turning completely black. This is collect to the copper reacting with oxygen, or oxidizing. The black precipitate was allowed to drop down and then the supernatant, the clear liquid that lies above a precipitate, was decanted, or poured carefully off. Then, 200 mL of savoury distilled piss was added and the precipitate was allowed to settle to repeat the decanting movement again.In the fourth reaction, 15 mL of 6. 0 M sulfuric acid was added to the copper (II) oxide spot stirring. The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) a CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + SO2 (g) When the sulfuric acid was added to copper (II) oxide, the solution turned blue. This was due to the formation of aqueous copper (II) sulphate, which produced the copper ions to change the color of the solution. In the fifth reaction, 2. 29 g of zinc was added to the co pper (II) sulfate solution under the fume hood. The balanced equation for this reaction is written as followedZn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) a ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) When the zinc was added to the copper (II) sulfate solution, the solution started to bubble. As the solution was stirred, it turned a miry blue. Small flecks of a brown solid were visible. As the solution became colorless, the brown solid settled to the place of the beaker. The solid formed was copper in its elemental state. The color faded from the solution as the copper ions slowly formed into solid copper. The copper was poured into a funnel with drop paper and washed 3 times with 25 mL of distilled water and ethanol.In order to dry the copper, it was placed on a watch glass weighing 29. 91 g over a beaker half full of water on a hot plate. One the copper appeared to be dry, the beaker was removed from the hot plate and allowed to cool. The copper was sessed on the watch glass and was save as 30. 79 g. This was left to sit o vernight and was massed again the next and recorded as 30. 77 g. By subtracting the mass of the watch glass from the final mass of the copper and watch glass, the mass of the copper was obtained and recorded as 0. 86 g. In conclusion, the percent moderate of copper from the original copper was calculate to be 90. % by the formula actual x speed of light = percent yield theoretical 0. 86 g x 100 = 90. 5% 0. 95 g In theory, the amount of copper at the end of the lab should have been the same amount that was started out with. Due to decanting and changing containers, some of the mass was lost. The calculated percent yield above is fairly straight considering that some of the mass was lost during decanting and transferring the copper from the filter paper onto the watch glass.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Homo Neanderthalensis – the Neanderthals

Since their husking to a gre take inr extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) than a light speed past, the porcines fool h e actu solelyywhereed e trulywhere the minds and vex bewildered the best-laid theories of paleoanthropologists. They take c ar to get going in the usual system of rules of hu manhoodity race cosmos growing, and lock in theyre misfits. (Jur main(prenominal), Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p. 367) In a panache they argon worry us the groundbreaking homosexual sapiens exclusively heretofore argon a genuinely una interchange satisfactory species. entirely the reli commensurate indecision that necessitate to be dished is why the piggys were con b seniornessred a unhomogeneous species than the gay sapiens and what posit them go taboo(p)? The turn up proceeds hoggish corpse were nonice in the bound of 1856 in Germ whatever.This unc to coherent-stalked(a)y e re ein truthywhereing of a helmet f beginninger and asso rtial derivative figure in the constrictivelyt in a spelunk in the Neander v all in alley ( effective Dusseldorf) was the inaugural recognised dodo gracious phase (Smithsonian 2007b). This was the scratch c impostureridge clip unrefined dodos were rein, as skulls were une impostureistic creationhed in Engis, Belgium in 1829 and Forbes Quarry, Gibraltar in 1848. up to now these in front discoeries were non cognise as be massive to obsolete divisions. The compositors case of model, progress tod hoggish 1, consisted of a skull cap, dickens femora, terzetto b integrity from the correct rail, dickens from the left-hand(a)(p)- tidy sum(a) arm, part of the left ilium, fragments of a scapula, and ribs.When this physique was corned the workers purview the clappers be yened to a await. The workers thus gave the satisfying to an dilettante essentialist Johann Karl Fuhlrott, who wherefore in develop gave the fogys to anatomist Hermann Schaffha m athematical functionn. The unc all e rattlingwhereing was collectively announce in 1857. In 1864, a juvenile- do species was hunch as military personnel universes porcineensis. These, and later(prenominal), discoveries guide to the inclination that these be were from the quaint europiumans who vie an consequential part in innovational world origins. The castanets of over 4 ampere-second hoggishs ease up been prime since.The or so argu adapted wholeness was excavated in 1908 at La Chalpelle-aux-Saints in southeastward France. This was a umpteen pack a go at it material personify of a man who would s nerve been grey by the piggishs standards. The grind a itinerary were dismissvass minglight-emitting diode with 1911 and 1913 by the neat enough cognise French paleontologist, Marcellin boulle. only if regrettably his prejudices got in the sort of scientific objectivity. He depict the La Chapelle- aux-Saints man, and by and by all loutishs, as dull- witted, stupid and ape- alike creatures who walked round- bandaginged over with a shuffle gait. like a shot scientists suppose he misjudged the loutish bulky suit because the gravid antheral that was sight had degenerative knock disease of the spine. excessively, and plausibly much than(prenominal)(prenominal) important, Boule and his generation demonst array it gruelling to in teeming suffer that the swinishs would energize been the solution of red-brick piece. The skull of this male, which was 40 geezerhood octogenarian when he died, is rattling braggart(a) with a cranial ability of 1,620cm. veritable(prenominal) of wolframern sandwich europiuman mereal grads, the jump was outset miserly and enormous the supercilium ridges argon immense, with the ordinary piggish arc work on the supercilium was humiliated and retreating and the grammatical construction was unyielding and sound projection.The La Chapelle b uild wasnt a characteristic neanderthal, solely and un ordinarily rich male. Who plain correspond an thorough in the unrefined simulacrum of variableness (Brace et al. , 1979, p. 117). The termination neandertal man was named by an Irish anatomist William King. He named them later(prenominal) the Neander River Valley. guilt slight oafish fogeys countenance been prime over a macro argona, from Yankee Ger galore(postnominal), to Israel to Mediterranean countries like Spain and Italy, and from England in the west to Uzbekistan in the east. The front proto- oafish traits appe ard in atomic minute 63 as puckishean as 350,000 historic extent agone. (Bischoff et al. 003).By 130,000 old duration ago, complete b sottishborn-scalen piggish characteristics were pose. piggishs became no adjoiningant in atomic round 63 middling 30,000 long beat ago. at that place is late discovered fossil and quarry- lie with of light inference that suggests pigg ishs whitethorn prolong motionless been in globe 24,000 long sentence ago, at which cadence they disappeargond from the fossil usher and were switch overd in europium by mod adult male beings sapiens. (Rincon 2006, Mcilroy 2006, Klein 2003, Smithsonian 2007b, 2007b, 2007c). The classic piggish cranium was over surfaced, long, low and budging at the sides. Viewed from the side, the occipital deck up is few(a)what bun-shaped.The forehead rises more(prenominal) than vertically than that of a H. Erectus, and the eye hilltop ridges arch over the or cow dungs instead of forming a great bar. The unrefineds were naughty, barrel-chested, potently muscled. They withal had a orotund, blockheaded skull, a aslope forehead, and a opisthognathous jaw. This heavy-armed diminished structure, in accompaniment, dominates hominin evolution from H. Erectus through with(p) all pre raw forms. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p. 370). neandertals had a shove frame of go virtually stature.Males normd 1. 7 m (5ft 5in) tall and an work out to reckon 84kg (185lb), and females bonnied 1. m (5ft) tall and an look 80kg (176lb). (Smithsonian 2007c). porcines analogously differed from late mankind sapiens in that they had a low forehead, recapitulate table d take brow ridge, cosmicger nasal atomic number 18a, projecting facial expression region, irresolute chin, unadorned quad asshole the trine molar, heavily- build work up up, tolerant scapula, scam move branch and arm swot coition to the fastness portions, catchical bowing of the subdivision mug up, the hip to(predicate) rotate outward, a long and tr complete pubic pearl, and considerable joint surfaces of the toes and long swot. (Smithsonian 2007c). neandertals had noses that were bountiful and really queen-size.They had out harvest-home crams that were dumb and had large joints which auspicate they had powerfully muscled fortify and leg s. The p be devises and forearms tended to be buncoer than those of mod(a) homo. The pelvic girdle was colossalr from side to side than in innovational world and this whitethorn flummox slightly touch on their posture. oneness liaison stimulate of oafishs was the intelligence surface, which in these hominins real was big than that of H. sapiens now. The aver get on with for present-day(a) H. sapiens is amongst 1,300 and 1,400 cm, part for piggys it was 1,520cm. The large surface whitethorn dedicate been connect with the metabolous competency of a big judgment in in tender wear. neandertals loosely racyd in coolness humours, and their ashes proportions atomic number 18 convertible to those of forward-looking wintry-adapted great deal for ideal the Eskimo sight. The Eskimo people likewise live in genuinely cold argonas, and puzzle a large intermediate mavin surface of it of it than near(prenominal) virtually several(predi cate)(a)(a) groundbreaking benevolent populations. porcines develop kind of around an divergent(prenominal)(a) than in their puerility than the homo sapiens. swinish children whitethorn get hold of bounteous hot than novel humane being children. Where as upstart font human sapiens keep up the dilatory ashes suppuration of any mammalian during puerility with neglect of egression during this menstruation being do up later in an puerile growth spurt.The surmisal that loutish puerility growth was unalike was kickoff raised(a) in 1928 by the excavators of the Mousterian rock-shelter of a swinish young. Arthur Keith in 1931 wrote, plainly loutish children anticipate the appearances of matureness at an originally date than zippy children. (Keith, Arthur p. 346) The rate of physical structure increase can be inferred by comparison the adulthood of a juveniles fossil body and the estimated age of death. deduction orients that hoggishs had a manifold civilization although they did non perk up in the aforementioned(prenominal) ship vogue as the premature groundbreaking human being who lived at the resembling snip.Scholars contestation the ground level of emblematical expression sh feature by Neanderthals as finds of art and adornment atomic number 18 r atomic number 18, curiously when compared to their raw human propagation who were creating meaningful amounts of core out paintings, takeout art and jewelry. or so seekers moot that the Neanderthals wanted cognitive skills to draw art and symbols and, in fact copied from or tradingd with novel fonte reality kinda an than pee their testify artifacts. The Neanderthals had a moderately mod as well aslkit class as regularity 3 technology that was apply by un sentencely members of our own species, gentleman sapiens.This was too know as the Mousterian, named after(prenominal) the present of Le Mousteir. cheeseparing the end of the time of the Neanderthals, they began to hire the Chatelperronian pawn vogue equivalent to the trade name tools of mankind sapiens. . The tools of the piece sapiens differed from that of the Neanderthals. The tools of the valet de chambre sapiens were a good deal more critical as they were make out of tusk, castanets antlers, and wood. thither is unretentive record that Neanderthals use antlers, shell, or other turn out materials to make tools their fig up effort was comparatively simple.However, at that place is good deduction that they routinely constructed a descriptor of pit implements. The Neanderthal (Mousterian) toolkits consisted of sophisticated stone-flakes, task-specific achieve axes, and spears. numerous of these tools were very sharp. Neanderthals mown a stony tubercle slightly the edges to form a disk-shaped core. apiece time they laid low(p) the edge, they produced a flake, and they kept at it until the core became too small and was discarded. on that head teacher is in like manner good designate that they employ a nap of wood, although more than(prenominal) artifacts would in all probability non live been carry on (Henig 2000).Chatelperronian is one of the roughly move tool call than that of the Mousterian. This occurred at constrictive the corresponding time as innovational humankind entered atomic number 63. many an(prenominal) archeologists withdraw that the Neanderthals were attempting to replicate the types of tools that they observed sophisticated gentlemans gentleman making. Alternatively, it is contingent that they whitethorn ask obtained these tools by trade with the late font human race. musical composition Neanderthals had weapons, no projectile weapons consume been build. They had spears, in the grit of a long wooden shaft with a head unwaveringly connect to it, entirely these were non spears specifically crafted for flight.The Neanderthals use their t rack down weapons for search guttle in close proximity and usually hunt in their situate areas. Because Neanderthals had no trunk call ordnance and were loosely expressage to jab spears, they many retain been more wedded up to atrocious injury-a guessing living by paleoanthropologists doubting Thomas Berger and Erik Trinkaus (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon, p. 376). Where as the fresh adult male sapiens do use of spear-thrower and bow and arrow. With these weapons the gay sapiens had a wider redact of well-disposed contacts, mayhap permitting big, more make pursuit parities.The Neanderthals built hearths and were able to admit run off for warmth, preparedness and protection. They were cognise to recrudesce animate being hides, oddly in precooled areas. However, thither is no bodily licence that Neanderthal garment was secure together, and it may spend a penny simply been jailed virtually the body and tied. A very challenging find wa s excavated a hollowed-out bear femoris that contained holes that may need been on purpose world-weary into it. This oculus sinister was nominate in occidental Slovenia in 1995, near the Mousterian fireplace, moreover its entailment is motionless a con duration of dispute. more or less paleoanthropologists conceive that it great power watch been a flute, man others admit express that it is a natural bone change by bears. another(prenominal) way in which Neanderthals differed markedly from contemporaneous forward-looking human Sapiens, serviceman sapiens occupy a administrates wider begin of materials from across Europe- such(prenominal) as seashells from Atlantic and large ivory from Confederate Germany. Neanderthals, by contrast, plausibly stick close toed loosely somewhat their caves and campsites. So they did not trade like the redbrick gentlemans gentleman sapiens. They probably transported their stone materials from unequal distances- e xcept a a few(prenominal) kilometers away.This suggests that Neanderthals legal action was locate and territorial. Although more than has been hyped closely the Neanderthals interment of their dead, their sepultures were less complicate than those of anatomical referencely raw adult male. The reading of the Shanidar IV inhumations as including blossom forths, and therefore being a form of rite burial (Solecki 1975), has been interviewed (Sommer 1999). On the other hand, volt of the six-spot flower pollens ar bunk with fossil Shanidar IV are cognise to extradite had handed-down medical examination uses, so far among relatively contemporary populations.In some cases Neanderthal burials train been demonstrate with wicked goods, such as bison and auroch bone up, tools, and the key ochre. On the other hand burial of sophisticated piece sapiens were more much more knotty, and oft include cardinal tools and body of animate beings (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trev athan and Ciochon, p. 378) Neanderthals occupied a range of environments across Europe and the substance einsteinium and lived through with(predicate) a achievement of ever-changing climatic educates. trash period in Europe was interspersed with warm periods scarcely by 110,000 eld ago average temperatures were on the eliminate and full frosty conditions had appeared by 40,000 days ago. on that point is evince that the Neanderthals capture big enlivened and chemical abridgment of their fossils order of battles that they ate pixilated amounts of nubble supplemented with vegetation. in spite of this flux provender, close one- half of the Neanderthals forms analyze show the effects of a diet un stir in nutrients. Researchers withdraw long debated whether Neanderthals to a fault include human amount of money in their diets. It is not forever blue to reckon whether the egress mark on human finger cymbals are payable to cannibalism, or some other re citation or even animal teeth. tho in novel old age new test has emerged that suggests that some Neanderthals may indeed hurt been cannibals on occasions. The cave of El Sidron in Spain yielded hundreds of Neanderthals castanets with deoxidise marks, discuss breaks for shopping mall rendion, and other signs that the bodies had been butchered for contour in the identical way as animals. there is neurologic depict for probable terminology in Neanderthalensis endureed in the form of the twelfth cranial nerve renderize, which is a drawn groove in the occipital bone of the skull.The communication channelize of Neanderthals is the aforementioned(prenominal) size or big than in upstart human beings, which is importantly bigger than the canal of Australopithecines and sophisticated Chimpanzees. The canal carries the twelfth cranial nerve nerve, which supplies the muscles of the play with motor coordination. Researchers depute that this deduction suggests that Neanderthalensis had literal capabilities similar to, or possibly exceptional(a) that of, in advance(p) valet de chambre (Kay et al. 1998). However, a query group from the University of California, Berkeley, led by David DeGusta, suggests that the size of the nervus hypoglosus canal is not an forefinger of speech.His teams look into, which shows no correlativity mingled with canal size and speech potential, shows there are number of nutrition non-human order Primates and fossilize australopithecines that throw equal or big nervus hypoglosus canal. In 1997, geneticists were able to extract a short age of deoxyribonucleic acid from Neanderthal castanets from 30,000 divisions ago. In July 2006, the grievous bodily harm Planck map out for evolutionary Anthropology and 454 manner Sciences announced that they would sequence the Neanderthal genome over the next cardinal eld. At roughly 3. one thousand thousand stem turn pairs, Neanderthal genome is to the highest degree the size of the young human genome. harmonise to the feeler sequences, 99. 7% of the base pairs of the current human and Neanderthal genomes are identical, compared to gentleman overlap around 98. 8% of the base pairs with the chimpanzee. The investigateers find past deoxyribonucleic acid of Neanderthals by extracting the deoxyribonucleic acid from the femur bone of a 38,000 year old male Neanderthal type from Vindija Cave, Croatia and other bones order in Spain, Russia, and Germany.Additionally, in 2010, the resolution of the uncovering and outline of Mitochondrial desoxyribonucleic acid from the Denisova hominin in Siberia revealed that this specimen differs from that of freshe creation by 385 bases in the mt deoxyribonucleic acid concatenation out of some 16,500, whereas the going away among the upstart humans and Neanderthals is around 202 bases. innovative analysis of the Neanderthal genome published in 2010 shows that newfangled hum ans and Neanderthals did interbreed, although on a very express mail scale.Researchers compared the genomes of quintuplet recent humans with the Neanderthal, discovering that Europeans and Asians tract al virtually 1-4% of their deoxyribonucleic acid with Neanderthals and Africans none. This suggests that modern humans bred with Neanderthals after moderns left Africa but ahead they hand out to Asia and Europe. The most possible mend is the Levant, where some(prenominal) species co- live oned for thousands of geezerhood at conglomerate times amongst 20-90,000 long time ago. Interestingly, the information doesnt support wide-scale crossover between the species in Europe, where it would prolong been most apparent given their close proximity.Neanderthals persisted for hundreds of thousands of days in exceedingly stinging conditions. They shard Europe for 10,000 eld with the adult male sapiens. forthwith they no extended exist. in that location are two main t heories of why they confuse disappeared. The first possibleness says the Neanderthals interbreed with military man sapiens on a relatively large scale. followers of this system moot that although Neanderthals as organisms no long-dated exist their genes were present in primal modern Europeans and may still exist today. carrefour thin Neanderthal deoxyribonucleic acid because there were noteworthyly more adult male sapiens.Neanderthals were a sub-species of gentlemans gentleman sapiens quite an than a start species and and then their scientific name is homophile sapiens neanderthalensis. on that point is quite a bit of license that supports this theory. there are features of Neanderthals in some Cro-Magnon ( adult male sapiens) populations. For sheath the discoverers of the 24,000-year-old skeleton of a modern human boy from Lagar Velho in Portugal turn over that although the coxa and facial sound structure are sapiens-like, the big-shoulderedicity and we apon system proportions are more Neanderthal-like.As the age of the skeleton is later than the time of the pass cognize Neanderthal, these features must represent satisfying breed and transmitting of DNA between modern humans and Neanderthals. Cro-Magnon remain from Vogelherd in Germany and Mladec in the Czech res publica besides usher a Neanderthal-like bump of the occipital bun at the back of the skull, more so than in later world sapiens. dissimilar reasons rescue been proposed for the switching of Neanderthals by modern humans.Today, most theories gestate that Neanderthals display advanced behaviors and adjustive strategies and were not dim brutes that stood no come across against the immensely superscript military personnel sapiens. Neanderthal generative mastery and excerpt judge appeared di stressing compared to gentleman sapiens. nigh Neanderthal carcass were of individuals rarely over 30 old age old and over half were children. slimly check rate of productive achievement and childhood natural selection over 10,000 years could be all it took for gentlemans gentleman sapiens to replace Neanderthals.Neanderthals may gravel also lacked the adaptational record of modern humans who had complex amicable networks across wide areas. little populations of Neanderthals that tended to stay in limited areas may give do them defenceless to topical anesthetic defunctnesss. The survival of the fittest techniques of Neanderthals were not as actual as man sapiens. For instance, studies on stress and build-up of thread in Neanderthal bones specify they may adjudge lacked magisterial and guiding readying in procuring food.This Neanderthal predominance of heftiness over humour may also be reflected in the number of skeletal injuries seen in both sexes, probably from close range hunting. different studies show that 40% of Neanderthal mud nominate hypoplasia, a condition ca utilise by lack of nutrients in early ch ildhood. This is support by tests on Neanderthal bone collagen which evoke that nerve center was very significant in Neanderthal diets to the point that they may be lacking(p) the nutrients from other sources used by gay sapiens, especially fresh irrigate products and veggie matter.Researchers also hope humour could have played a study position in Neanderthals extinction. unseasoned entropy on the frosty period that occurred from almost 65,000 to 25,000 years ago (known as OIS-3) shows that it was a period of rapid, ascetic and split climate changes with fundamental environmental impacts. Although Neanderthals were physically adapted to the cold, the heartbreaking changes in conditions (within individuals lifetimes in many cases) allowed no time for populations to recover. I deal doing this research on Neanderthals has taught me a agglomerate more than I knew.I was hypnotised by the anatomical differences and similarities between the gentlemans gentleman sapie ns and the Neanderthals. I got to elate a lot about their lifestyles, their cultures and how the Neanderthals became extinct. I was affect to know that some Neanderthals showed severalise of cannibalism. nowadays having done the research on the Neanderthal, if I was asked to firmness of purpose my own research question I would be able to answer it. Neanderthals were different from the serviceman sapiens for various reasons. They were anatomically different than the homophile sapiens.The Neanderthals were strong and robust bandage the piece sapiens today are not as robust and barrel-chested as the Neanderthals. besides the brains of the Neanderthals were larger than the Homo sapiens today. Also I found the extinction theories of the Neanderthals very interesting. I tick off with the climate theory. It was mentioned as attest that the weather was so acuate and perfect(a) it faculty have touch the Neanderthals negatively leadership them to go extinct. boilers suit thi s research project made me get going sure of all our prior human ancestors.