Drug Abuse Problems Essay Example For Students

Drug Abuse Problems Essay The United States of America has been contending with adverse social and economic effects of the drug abuse, namely of heroin, since the foundation of this country. Our initial attempt to outlaw heroin with the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 resulted in the U.S. having the worst heroin problem in the world (Tooley 540). Although the legislative actions regarding heroin hitherto produced ominous results that rarely affected any individuals other than the addict and his or her family, the late twentieth century brings rise to the ever-infringing Several needle exchange programs sponsored by religious organizations in Australia have reported no new HIV infections resulting from needle sharing over the past three years (Fuller 9). Public safety groups in the United States are rapidly beginning to accept the effectiveness of needle exchange programs. The 113 needle exchange programs that are currently operating throughout the United States (Bowdy 26) are a result of this acceptance. These programs for the most part are established to support needle exchange more so than needle distribution (Fuller 10). Many needle exchange programs have been initiated by recovering addicts who understand the realities of addiction and the potential harm of needle sharing (Fuller 9). Perhaps addicts feel more comfortable taking advice from some one whom has been there and knows what they are going through. Social interaction between the addict and program is quite simple. Program clients are asked to donate their old injection equipment in exchange for new materials and identification cards issued by some programs, allowing the users to carry their injection equipment anywhere (Loconte 20), reducing the need to share needles. Volunteers keep track of old needles collected and sterile ones given out with a coding system that allows participants to remain anonymous (Green 15). Unlike some of their European counterparts, needle exchange programs in the U.S. do not advocate the use of vending machines to dispense hypodermic needles (Fuller 10). American programs understand the grave importance of regular contact between the addict and caring members of society who inform addicts about various avenues of health care and recovery during each visit (Fuller 10). The assistant director of the Adult Clinical AIDS Program at Boston Medical Center, Jon Fuller, feels that this intimate approach by American programs conveys a powerful message to addicts that their lives and well-being are still valued by the community despite their inability to break the cycle of addictive behavior (10). Addicts who can not stay clean or get admitted into a drug treatment program should be encouraged to take the necessary precautions to perform safe injections and not put others at risk as a result of their habit (Glantz 1078). From 1981 to 1997, drug related HIV cases in the United States rose from 1 to 31 percent not including infants and sexual partners infected by the user (Fuller 9). With contaminated needles infecting 33 Americans with HIV daily (Fuller 11), it was only a matter of time before an in-depth analysis of the drug related AIDS epidemic was made. More comprehensive research in regards to the effectiveness of needle exchange programs is necessary to provide the basis for making proper legislative decisions. Lebanon: A Globe-trotters Guide Essay The ban currently preventing federal funds from being allocated to support needle exchange programs in the U.S. greatly curtails the means necessary to establish and operate an effective needle exchange program. President Clinton initially planned .

Women in the Crusades Historiography Paper Essay Example

Women in the Crusades Historiography Paper Essay Veronica Bilenkin HIS 329-701 Dr. Gathagan 10/19/12 Women in the Crusades: A Historiographical Essay When writing about women’s participation in the Crusades, there is more than just the topic of the Crusades involved. Historians have unfortunately come to the conclusion that women’s participation in any type of warfare was practically unheard of during most part of the Middle Ages, due to tight social structures and gender roles. Each historian delves into the topic between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries of the Crusades, dates in which most sources that they found reveal the most representation of women in combat. By finding a source that legitimately proves that women’s participation in war was more common than it is actually perceived, more details about the society’s thoughts on gender roles and issues were brought to light as well. Where historians Meghan McLaughlin, Elena Lourie and Helena Solterer differ is how they present the topic, what angle they argue for or against it, and the sources used to prove their arguments. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Crusades Historiography Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Crusades Historiography Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Crusades Historiography Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many may wonder how sources on women warriors can exist at a time when gender roles were a strict and unchangeable social issue of the Medieval Ages. Anything that seemed in favor of woman’s role in warfare or even towards feminism or equal rights in general seemed to be counter-culture, and was not reflected in a positive way because it was against the norm. Thus, writers of this tense topic had to use subtle methods of representation on behalf of their female heroines. Helena Solterer delves into such a direction in â€Å"Figures of Female Militancy in Medieval France†, using Peter Gencien’s iconic Li Tournoiement as dames to demonstrate such an attempt in Medieval French society. Throughout his narrative, Gencien assumes male authorship by writing in a way that portrays women as sexual objects of an erotic fantasy; making sure that his character’s newly appointed statues as a warrior didn’t seem to undermine this stereotypical concept was of crucial importance so as to subtly hide the underlying message of possible woman representation. For instance, during the beginning of the narrative, Gencien goes back and forth between descriptions of the combat accomplished by the jousting women but constantly intervenes it with textual erotic imageries of which he insists is due to his own impulses as a man, and was therefore suffered by his male readers as well. Later on those interventions cease as the narrative progressive until there is nothing else but combat techniques and even ends with praise over the victory of the female warrior over the defeated male character. This finale comes as quite a surprise, and proves Solterer’s main point, for Gencien wouldn’t have ended his narrative in this way if he himself didn’t believe or imagine this unconventional result. It’s almost like he stated his own admission of females in combat as his final message rather than oppose it, a bold decision that defied standard gender roles at the time it was written. On the other hand, a whole text devoted to warrior deeds and battles fought by women were obtained from Saxo Grammaticus’s History of the Danes. McLaughlin’s essay, â€Å"The Woman Warrior: Gender, Warfare and Society in Medieval Europe†, serves primarily an outline of the many women that this important source points out with the intent to prove that women’s participation included and exceeded beyond just sitting by the sidelines as wives of knights or as nurses From Richilde of Hainaut’s fight and capture in at the Battle of Cassel in France to Lathgertha of the Scandinavian Vikings exploits, the feats of many Medieval women warriors have gone unnoticed for far long enough. She makes an important note that the decline and rise of participation isn’t accidental or unusual circumstances, but because of historical structures and attitudes at the time that gave woman opportunities to participate. Focusing on the areas of Northern and Southern Europe (specifically France, England, Spain and Italy), McLaughlin’s essay provides the most information on the lengths that women had to go through in order to be recognized in military positions, along with two developments within later Medieval society that had nothing to do with gender or social issues. The point at which private family life began to blend with a family’s public image, the lines which women could cross into a knight’s world became blurred to a point that enabled women to participate as productive members of society, in this case as fighters, rather than to sit at home and raise the children. An example that McLaughlin provides was what she referred to as domestic military system, which allowed women in a noble household to view, learn and even participate in military practice and tactics due to an early exposure to the military units that lived, visited and conversed within the house of a noble lord. A good family name and heritage could also guarantee a women acceptance within military units through a prolonged period time in which they can become accustomed and comfortable enough with her to not exclude her from joining their ranks in the future (most women who tried to join without connections or former acquaintances were faced with mass resistance from their male counterparts, and were harassed and maltreated under accusations of witchcraft and sexual misconduct). For the longest time, the only explanation that was deemed acceptable for women taking up arms was to protect her land and children while the noble husband was away from the manor, a reaction that was not expected of them and that was only enacted in emergency situations. McLaughlin’s countless examples from Northern and Southern Europe prove this generalization incorrect, as so many woman warriors with a long history of warfare over a sweeping geographical context (from Northern Europe to Southern Europe) for personal gains and violent means have been dismissed primarily due to lost records or disbelief at the time that females performing such a masculine activity could exist. This disbelief is also most likely the cause of the unsexing of female warriors, for many had to adorn heavy armor (such as the Lombard princess Sichelgaita) that alters their appearance that resulted in many confused Muslims during the Crusades, who had no idea that some of the knights were women until their armor was taken off. Lourie argues that while there were no fighting female units in the European armies during the Crusades, her main source, The Primera Cronica General or PCG, provides an account of female military participation on the Muslim side in â€Å"Black Women Warriors in the Muslim Army†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The PCG was the first general history book for Spain, and depicted some of the countries early highlights and downfalls, as well as famous people and places. This essay specifically dealt with a battle transcribed in the PCG that occurred during the last years of the First Crusade, outside the abandoned city of Valencia. Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, also known as the Cid, made a name for himself as the eleventh century warrior who took the city from the Almoravids, a Muslim sect of Berber nomads lead by Yusuf ibn Tashfin that came from the Western Sahara. Their mission was of Dijah, or holy war, and to fulfill it was to overtake and conquer Morocco and most of Muslim Spain. During the battle in the plain of Quart, their massive army, led by Tashfin’s nephew, was considered invincible until the Cid and his small Christian garrison fought and defeated them for control of Valencia in 1094. The controversy surrounding this story begins with the accounts within the PCG that included statements from the Christian side regarding the three hundred black women who made up the front lines in the charging Almoravid army. Their appearance compromised of shaved heads and well-armed with Turkish bows or cuirasses as weapons. What happened five years later is the main setting for Lourie’s argument: in 1101, the Cid died within the city, which prompted his lieutenant Alvar Fanez to gather the remaining knights and leave the city which by that time became surrounded by vengeful Almoravids once again. After nine days of siege, the Christian garrison sneaked out of the city at dawn along with the embalmed body of the Cid to initiate a surprise attack on the unaware Almoravids, starting with the tents of the female archers. None of the archers had anticipated the attack, and in their effort to prepare themselves many were slaughtered and killed. This resulted in the remaining women fleeing for their lives, leading a retreat in which the Muslim men of the army followed suit. This would’ve been seen as a major victory for the Christians and astounding evidence to support female representation in warfare if the battle had not been considered â€Å"legendary†. According to Lourie, it has been considered such based solely upon female presence on the battlefield, which is constantly referred to as incredible even in today’s feminized view of gender roles, as well as confusion on interpretation from both Cid’s Christian army and the Muslim Almoravids. Despite evidence suggesting otherwise, historians have made efforts to provide reasons why this battle couldn’t have happened, that it was just an invention of the Christian scribe behind the PCG who wrote the battle in as homage to the Cid and his brave garrison. Lourie spends a major part of her essay discrediting the hypothesis proposed by L. P. Harvey, who strongly disagrees with the idea of women in a military setting of any sort, especially in the Crusades. Like most historians with this kind of mindset, his only evidence was pitifully small to say the least: the archers were in fact Tuareg men who were mistaken for women on account of their liltham, or veil, blocking their faces, their dark skin were a result of dyed stains that came off their lilthams, and a textual misunderstanding of Arabic sources that made the adjective â€Å"Targia† become transcribed as â€Å"Turkia† in the PCG (Lourie, 184). Lourie proves him wrong on all accounts with her own evidence: the earlier passage of the PCG described shaved heads and top knots, a specific part of the archer’s appearance that wouldn’t have been mentioned had their heads been covered by liltham. Her most convincing argument was that Tuareg men never used bows as weapons, while the PCG specifically refers to one of the Almoravids main fighters, Nujeymah, as being named â€Å"Star of the archers of Turkey†. In addition to that evidence, the debate over the interpretation and origin of the PCG conflicts with Harvey’s flawed theory, and encompasses the other half of Lourie’s essay. While it is clear that the PCG was written from a Christian standpoint by a Christian based on its description of the Almoravids; what is unclear is the intent of writing this particular battle: if one were to interpret the battle overall, the Cid’s garrison victory was guaranteed by the retreat of the women archers, which is not very glorious or noble considering his lieutenant decided to surprise attack not the entire army but basically a bunch of women. These women in turn did the work for the Cid’s garrison, resulting in an overall victory but at an embarrassing cost to their image. They are not the only ones however: Lourie introduces a new angle; one that suggests that perhaps the narrative of the battle was based off the Muslim Almoravid’s placing blame on their female militants for leading a retreat so fast and so soon, in an attempt to cover up their own embarrassment over the battle outcome. All three essays eloquently address the subject of exposing women’s military contributions in the medieval world. The period of the Crusades was one of the most well-known religious military operations in history, and fighting for a cause that large invited a lot of opportunity for new recruitment from areas society couldn’t have foreseen, or chose not to due to strict gender roles of the time. In fact, there is a section of Solterer’s paper in which she highlighted specific sanctions and canon laws enforced by the Church just to prevent women specifically from joining the army (Solterer, 535-536). Of course, Lourie’s essay depicts women simply being women in Muslim armies, an acceptance was along with the statement that â€Å"there were certainly no female fighting units, either then or later, in European armies† (Lourie, 2000, 1). However, according to Solterer’s rticle on women representation in Medieval France, the Crusades featured women on both sides of the battle. The only difference between them was that while Lourie’s Muslim women seemed more at place and welcomed in the Muslim army, an Arab chronicler used by Solterer depicts the Frankish armies as including women warriors who â€Å"dressed in men’s clothing†¦were not recognized as women until they had been stripped of their arms† (Solterer, 1991, 540). McLaughlin emphasis’s that it’s not necessarily the progression of cultural mindset that allowed women’s participation but the progression of society itself that opened new doors for women to walk into and prove themselves as fierce and capable of military duty as their male counterparts. That is why her essay covered a broad area of individuals and their geographic locations in Europe, as providing a lot of perspectives proved her main argument. Both Solterer’s and Lourie’s essays were narrowly focused on a specific element of the topic of women representation: Solterer’s focused on Medieval France basing her evidence on a fictional text, while Lourie’s historical text provided her with proof of female military activity during the Crusades. The style of broadness and wide range of characters written by McLaughlin wrote on women’s achievements in the military world that leads into why they aren’t as accepted despite their prolonged presence in Medieval history, thus it was a good introductory essay for one to get started on thinking about such a topic. The literary source that Lourie emphasized in her essay is revealing and reliable only to a point; the author of that source might have had his own neutral opinion on women’s participation in combat, but his main intention in writing his narrative was to entertain, or else no one in that society would’ve accepted a then outlandish idea of mixing women and jousting. Therefore, the only essay whose specific and detailed style focused on a Crusade battle with leading, fighting, and involved women was Lourie’s; her emphasis on the debate over interpretation of the source as well as showing full support and evidence to prove that the presence and participation of women warriors didn’t mean the battle never took place was really drew me in, and definitely convinced me towards her overall thesis. The Middle Ages was a scare time for any sources, so it’s no surprise that sources that suggest women’s participation in warfare are limited. However, that is precisely the reason why the sources that mention or advocate it even the tiniest amount should be thoroughly examined, not put aside as myth or misinterpretation. While more reliable sources may depict the more popular patriarchal and conventional mindset of the time, it is not a true depiction of how Medieval society was like back then; controversial topics like women’s advancement from traditional gender roles was tense and still is today, and sources provided in all three essays highlight the reactions to new outlooks and settings for women to participate in. Exploring new textual territories, from fictional narratives to so called lost legends even, is crucial to getting new perspectives on a much debated topic, and hopefully results in a more enhanced understanding of one of the most complicated time periods for women in history. Bibliography M. McLaughlin, ‘The woman warrior: Gender, warfare and society in medieval Europe’, Women’s Studies, 17 (1990) 193–209. H. Solterer, ‘Figures of female militancy in medieval France’, Signs, 16 (1991) 522–49. E. Lourie, ‘Black women warriors in the Muslim army besieging Valencia and the Cid’s victory: A problem of interpretation’, Traditio, 55 (2000) 181–209.

The Advantage of DUPLONT Essay Samples

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Case Study Of Taman Negara Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Example

Case Study Of Taman Negara Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Example Case Study Of Taman Negara Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Case Study Of Taman Negara Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay In this study I will be analyzing a touristry site with specific ecological importance to it. For this I have focused on choosing a part with rain forests as I feel they are an of import factor of ecological balance in the given planetary warming environment with increasing pollution in the ambiance. After my initial hunt on looking for rain forests, I narrowed down on Asia specifically to Malaysia given its developed economic system with a rich history of 1000s of old ages old rain forests still preserved without any intercession. I feel this would be an of import factor in my choice as being a developed state it would be easy to understand more about the state s rich geographic part as there would be lesser linguistic communication barriers with more research and cognition along with easiness in making these topographic points. Since the rain forests are more than thousand old ages old, it would be rather imperative for the planetary ecotourism to keep this topographic point in the best possible direction. It would besides hold an of import topographic point in eco touristry as its one of the few topographic points staying on Earth which still has vegetations and zoologies dating back 1000s of old ages back. Tropical rain forests provide a rare and valuable position of development and ecology. It is a topographic point where there is age old species along with diverseness of species which coexist in this environment to supply ecosystem services like H2O, food, energy cycling which is rather critical for our planet. Of all the ecosystems, rain forests are one of the most due to their big figure of species and C shops. Rain forests are straight responsible keeping local ecological and societal conditions, if non good managed it will do impairment of regional conditions and species distribution would divert. Over the old ages, rather small has been achieved by rainforest saving motions, attempts made to cut down both rainforest deforestation and diminishment have achieved small. Existing environmental and political groups have shown to be of small aid to ecology as there is still a big figure of rainforest lumbermans runing for commercial involvements. Rainforest loss and diminishment is consuming the Earth of its vitalizing mantle and hence it is of import that the ecological sustainability motion commit itself to stoping primary wood logging and protecting and reconstructing rain forests. 2. Academic rating Architect Ceballos-Lascurain was one of the initial research workers to come up with definition of ecotourism. He stated that: We may specify ecological touristry or ecotourism as that touristry that involves going to comparatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural countries with the specific object of analyzing, look up toing and basking the scenery and its wild workss and animate beings, every bit good as any bing cultural facets found in these countries. ( Ceballos-Lascurain, 1987: 13 ) During the clip when he came up with this definition, ecotourism already existed in assorted parts of the Earth. For illustration in the 1960 s there was heavy over-use in the North American national Parkss with traffic congestion and ensuing impacts, such as eroding. During this clip, Yosemite National Park attracted 1.7 million visitants per annum ( Johnson, 1967 ) . In the recent old ages, other ecological research workers have modified, extended and developed legion ecotourism definitions including Blamey ( 1997 ) , Fennell and Eagles ( 1989 ) etc. Definitions are largely based on the importance of literature with the definition of ecotourism. Assorted research workers advocate that the assorted definitions of ecotourism, in assorted national and regional contexts, are of import to both the supply and demand sides of the ecotourism phenomenon. Contributions to the literature turn toing the definition of ecotourism are wide in range and varied in virtue. However, it is of import t hat it is defined in order to further robust and widely recognised industry criterions ( provide side ) while besides functioning visitant involvements in accomplishing the ecotourism experiences that they seek ( demand side ) . From my reappraisal of assorted ecotourism definitions, I can deduce that some reference of preservation, instruction, local ownership, sustainability etc while other definitions focus on cardinal facets, such as host community engagement , natural countries etc. The above definitions provide a platform to establish or develop farther operations of ecotourism conformity with definition. Here we will see 2 definitions by research workers to farther understand the range available in ecotourism. In 1994, Ballantine and Eagles researched some tourers to Kenya based on a specific definition consisting of three standards. This standard was put in topographic point so as to cognize a tourer s position as an ecotourist and his or her categorization based on three dimensions: the societal motivation ; the desire to see wilderness/undisturbed countries ; and a temporal committedness. In another research in 1992 by Butler he developed a more comprehensive checklist of standard for the ecotourism position. This standard focused on the other side of the definitional graduated table. While it contained rather a batch of facets of definitions found throughout the literature, these points place certain restraints on ecotourism operators. For illustration in the instance of New Zealand where ecotourism operators go through assorted standards for operating which was identified by Warren and Taylor ( 1994 ) . They infer that most of the ecotourism operations are small-scale and family-owned therefore barely executable commercially. These standard and definitions besides make it compulsory for ecotourism operations to restrict the development and growing of their commercial operations and therefore concentrate on the ideals of ecotourism. Another reading of this definition by Orams ( 1995 ) , is to presume that ecotourism is non possible or that no ecotourism can run into the standards of purist definitions. Therefore it is seen that there is positive every bit good as negative impacts seen on the softest signifier of ecotourism. In 2001, designer and ecotourism researcher Ceballos-Lascurain stated that he believed in ecotourism and non in eco purism . The end is to fit as many of the standards as possible while Lindberg and McKercher ( 1996: 65 ) suggest, sustainable touristry is postulated from a positive overall balance in environmental, experiential, sociocultural and economic impacts . The assorted contrasts which exist in the definitions of ecotourism give out the general inoperability of this construct. These assortments in definitions could perchance be viewed with a focal point on the economic and environmental dimensions of ecotourism. Notwithstanding the rhetoric of sustainable touristry development, economic viability is the bottom line of sustainable touristry operations. Other ecotourism operators besides face disputing barriers to commercial viability. By definition they should be small-scale, resolute in restricting the growing of commercial operations ( Butler, 1990 ) and, by deduction, blinkered to economic theory associating to economic systems of graduated table. The recommendation that visitants are managed by keeping an appropriate ratio of ushers to visitants once more brings with it economic challenges associating to pricing and commercial viability. 3. Case survey Taman Negara National Park Beginning: www.tamannegara.org The instance I would specifically take would be on Taman Negara National Park of Peninsular Malaysia which is one of the largest protected country in Malaysia covering an country of 434,350 hectares of rain forest. It is one of the oldest rain forest in the universe, estimated about 130 million old ages old. It is said to hold approximately 14500 blossoming workss and trees, 600 species of birds, 200 species of mammals, 350 species of reptilians and legion species of insects and other life signifiers. I would wish to analyze here how is this topographic point prepared from the crisis of commercialisation and possible stairss it can take to heighten the same. There has been old research which has focused chiefly on different factors for sustainable touristry nevertheless there is non much research on the relevant facets like societal factor apart from commercial benefits. Social factor would include the safety and security of the tourer whilst touring in such parts. Taman Negara must do its ain definition of crisis by understanding its ain environment for possible dangers and measuring events which would hold direct impact on the achievement of its end. It is besides critical to hold a base for the execution of constructions, regulations and ordinances within an organisation ; to organize attempts with the authorities to extenuate effects of such catastrophes. Similar to other concern activities, ecotourism industry has to bring forth gross to financially prolong whilst supplying alone experience and attractive forces to vie in this blooming industry ( Weaver, 2008 ) . Business bookmans and practicians likewise have argued those crises are inevitable ( Perrow, 1994 ) . An overview of the research on Taman Negara shows that service suppliers are by and large incognizant of any formal construction or system to manage crisis state of affairs ( Hayati, D, Noryati A 2010 ) . This deficiency of consciousness could intend that in instance of an exigency or crisis state of affairs the caretakers of the topographic point would be unable to react in a positive mode. Besides, the cognition of basic crisis direction was seen to be less amongst the service suppliers. Most do non give precedence to crisis direction as at that place have non been frequent instances while success in old such instances provides them with a sense of assurance. Another breach of ordinances here was found to be the deficiency of attending on enrollment of tourers, where a figure of tourers got off without registering themselves. Since tourer Numberss are recorded which aid in instance of casualties, keeping a balance on the figure of tourers at a peculiar clip in the park and other exigencies, it should be ensured that such records are enforced consequently. There could be besides illegal safety from neighbouring states or Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act. An organisation may hence be over planned but under prepared ( Dahan, 2005 ; Mitroff ) . Therefore I conclude that crisis direction requires different planning, processs and activities than everyday direction. Besides I feel that progress readying for such unanticipated fortunes would be in the best involvement of a critical topographic point like Taman Negara. 4. Challenges to touristry industry Harmonizing to a research done on the environmental industry by Lindberg and Hawkins, they define ecotourism as a responsible travel to natural countries which conserves the environment and improves the public assistance of the local . Taking into history this statement there is a high degree of possibility that due to infrastructure development or other grounds for development in the tourer topographic point some or the other portion in this part would be affected in a negative manner like acquiring depleted of its vegetations or fauna life. In add-on, an ecotourism topographic point which is non monitored good would non accomplish its ends to heighten the overall criterion of life of the local community shacking in the tourer part. All such factors need farther focal point and development to be done particularly in reserved and rare musca volitanss like Taman Negara National Park. Bing an country under particular protection, one of the chief attractive forces of the ecotourism industry is its rich environment and rare species found in it. Therefore there is likely to be conflict whenever there is a program to develop the country for tourer commercialisation and to conserve the environment in such countries. I feel that if ecotourism in Taman Negara is non good maintained on clip, it could take to negative reactions on the environment. Besides as discussed before, the rare species of life would besides go extinct without of all time being discovered. Recently there are several enterprises taken by ecotour operators to carry on their activities in a more holistic manner by presenting constructs like recycling and utilizing renewable energy in their procedure. Tourists at the National Park are besides communicated via mark boards and circuit operators to transport minimal necessities when geting in such parts and be careful whilst disposing waste, so as to non li tter the topographic point. Other regulations and ordinances imposed are to detect all park regulations to avoid harm to its biodiversity. The direction should peculiarly be keener on pass oning with group visitants as this would forestall possible big amendss to the part. Since this industry is chiefly based on nature, group visitants could perchance do larger harm to the biodiversity of an country. A relevant illustration I have found in the close locality would be that of Payar Island and Sipadan Island in Sabah. Recently both these parts observed a high volume of tourers sing these topographic points which in bend is said to hold caused irreversible harm to the corals on the islands. There have been instances where circuit operators have over exceeded the bound on the capacity of these parts. Management of Taman Negara should take into history such illustrations and protect the part from amendss due to over burden of tourers. Governments will necessitate to use rigorous regulations sing the figure of tourers come ining the part and closeguard their activities to minimise any harm to the biodiversity. Some other possible booby traps I have come across through research would be the building of resorts and hotels near the entryway country of Taman Negara to suit higher volumes of tourers expected in peak seasons. These actions will most likely affect the nearby environment in ways such as migration of species, dirt eroding and H2O pollution. This whole procedure will find the chances of sustainability in the country. Another facet of ecotourism which needs to be considered is the possible jobs faced by locals and their societal life with the addition in touristry. 5. Decision From the research done, I can deduce that at that place needs to be a more proactive attack in pull offing possible hazards in parts such as Taman Negara instead than depending on the nothing catastrophe records maintained yet. In such a important topographic point which needs to be preserved for the following coevals, we need to see its value non merely to the state but globally. Taking into history the research by Pearson and Clair ( 1998 ) wherein they province that the attitude towards hazard is every bit of import as consciousness to hazard. While the consciousness to hazard may be same in a instance but a proactive attitude could assist in guarding off possible instances of negative incidents. From my research through diaries and white documents on Taman Negara, I have found that the country lacks an official crisis direction squad to counter any such catastrophes, based on old incidents such squads are formed entirely on adhoc footing between the assorted societal elements in the part like service suppliers, locals etc. While there is no official crisis direction office in the part, the governments should non be self-satisfied about the fact that no catastrophe has of all time damaged the image of Taman Negara as an ecotourism finish as most minor instances were good handled by the ad hoc squads therefore extinguishing any catastrophe or crisis instances. In order to accomplish a long term strategic aim of keeping its environment and image as a safe ecotourism topographic point the governments at Taman Negara Park will necessitate to review its mentality on pull offing future hazards including direct 1s like landslides, fires every bit good as indirect in signifier of overcrowded tourers. There is a critical demand for them to consolidate its crisis direction programme into all eco-tourism related parts. Few of import stairss to be taken which I feel would be helpful could be: Research and place loss exposures, digitize and record yesteryear incidents. Monitor and analyze current processs for crisis direction and their effectivity and if they are on par with modern engineering. Making a centralised information bank for information sharing related to crisis direction which can be accessed by other similar ecotourism musca volitanss every bit good.

The Promise and Pitfalls of Float (Loose Rock)

The Promise and Pitfalls of Float (Loose Rock) Too often when youre out in the field, youll be looking at a hillside and there are no outcrops of bedrock to tell you whats under it. An alternative is relying on float- isolated stones in the soil that you must assume came from the bedrock near by. Float is not reliable, but with care it can provide good information. Why Float Is Unreliable An isolated stone is hard to rely on because once its broken off, many different things can move it away from its original setting. Gravity pulls rocks downhill, turning bedrock into colluvium. Landslides carry them even farther. Thens theres bioturbation: Falling trees can pull up rocks with their roots, and gophers and other digging animals (fossorial animals is the official term) can push them around. On a much larger scale, glaciers are notorious for carrying rocks far from their origin and dropping them in big piles called moraines. In places like the northern United States and much of Canada, you cant trust any loose rock to be local. When you add water, there are new complications. Streams transport rocks entirely away from their places of origin. Icebergs and ice floes can carry stones across open water to places theyd never reach on their own. Fortunately, rivers and glaciers usually leave distinctive signs- rounding and striations, respectively- on rocks, and they wont fool an experienced geologist. Possibilities of Float Float is no good for a lot of geology, because the original position of the rock is lost. That means that its bedding features and orientation cant be measured, or any other information that comes from the rocks context. But if conditions are reasonable, float can be a strong clue to the bedrock below it, even if you must still map the boundaries of that rock unit with dashed lines. If youre careful with float, its better than nothing. Heres a spectacular example. A 2008 paper in Science tied two ancient continents together with the help of a small boulder found sitting on a glacial moraine in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. The boulder, just 24 centimeters long, consisted of rapakivi granite, a very distinctive rock containing big balls of alkali feldspar with shells of plagioclase feldspar. A long series of rapakivi granites is scattered across North America in a wide belt of Proterozoic crust running from the Canadian Maritimes at one end to an abrupt cutoff in the Southwest. Where that belt continues is an important question because if you find the same rocks on another continent, it ties that continent to North America at a specific place and time when both were united in a supercontinent named Rodinia. Finding a chunk of rapakivi granite in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, even just as float, is a key piece of evidence that the ancient supercontinent of Rodinia held Antarctica next to North America. The actual bedrock that it came from is underneath the Antarctic ice cap, but we know the behavior of the ice- and can confidently discount the other transport mechanisms listed above- well enough to cite it in a paper and make it the highlight of a press release.

How organisations gain committed employee co-operation. Andrew Essay

How organisations gain committed employee co-operation. Andrew - Essay Example The organization should also enact strict regulations to penalize straying employees (Bettencourt & Brown, 1997). Any organization desiring to have all its employees cooperate to ensure the success of its activities, and maximum productivity should cultivate a positive attitude to the employees. All employees must be treated with the ultimate fairness in terms of salary allocation and promotions based on merit but not some back door operations. This assists to create confidence and trust among the employees for the organization. It also ought to be very open in communicating any new policies or changes in the operation of its systems to ensure that all staff are updated on matters relating to the organization (Welins, 1991). Employees need to be involved maximally in all the activities of the organization. This aspect is critical since it makes them protect all the interests of the organization and work towards achieving the set goals as though they were their own. Each employee will own the ambition of the organization and this way they will cooperate to see that the organization succeeds in all its endeavors. The organization should also support the welfare groups of its employees through either funding some of their club activities or offering support services to the employees in their projects (Deci, Connell & Ryan, 1989). Successful organizations that work closely with their employees must have an organizational culture. This refers to the way the organization’s power structure is designed. The organization should have a well-organized chain of command such that the employees always get the true information concerning the running of the organization system. A well-structured organizational culture runs the system even without much intervention (Campion, Medsker & Higgs, 1993). An organization needs to convince its workers to cooperate in ensuring that it gains national certification in terms of maintaining human rights and the social welfare of

Convergence Law and Its Relevance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Convergence Law and Its Relevance - Essay Example As such, the paper discusses the multiple factors that have had an influence on the formation and convergence of European law. Primarily, this convergence is the result of the necessity of uniformism that has been demanded since the European Union first formed. As a result, integrations have taken place based on the interpretation of individual laws, as well as entire constitutional understanding. As the idea of citizenship has been defined to incorporate an individual into the greater whole of the European Union, likewise individual interpretations of existing law has been forced to be understood, fabricated, and analyzed through the very same constructs. As a vehicle for understanding this concept, Tryfonadou introduces the topic of free movement of persons and free movement of goods as it evolved in the late 1990’s through early 2000’s. Perhaps, one of the best examples of this convergence can be seen in what Tryfonadou describes as the â€Å"restriction† and â€Å"discrimination† of free movement law. ... persons, existing laws have made an attempt, according to Tryfonadou, to juxtapose the two and come to a common understanding and definition in the scope of the laws. (1) The author goes on to explain to the reader the differences between subsidiarity law principles and proportionality principles. Subsidiarity requires that the community adopt the legislation only if it is a requirement to achieve a given object. Accordingly, proportionality requires that the burden of the law’s enactment be proportionally weighted so as not to be too heavy with relation to the objective that is trying to be achieved. An unavoidable facet of the European Union’s construction requires that one understand and realize the importance of the many different legal systems that make up its component parts, as well as how each of these systems begins to find a certain commonality within the law, i.e. the convergence principle that Tryfonadou has written. Due to the additional fact that the Europ ean Union is made up of a multiplicity of differing legal systems of its member states, recognition of the defining legal principles which each system espouse combined with the aforementioned principles of subsidiarity and proportionality lead invariably to a form of legal diversity. In short, even though the diverse systems of law that are extant within the European Union espouse similar legal views on a variety of different and diverse topics (i.e. Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian law) all have a host of commonalities with which to draw from. Regardless, the formation of the European Union has provided a type of centrifugal force that has worked to mold each of the aforementioned member states particular understanding into a more common and generally accepted form of jurisprudence which had